EVIDENCE INDICATING THAT GLYPHOSATE-BASED HERBICIDES ARE NOT SAFE
In this list, most of the scientific papers cited have been published in peer-reviewed journals. Where possible, online links to the articles are given. Almost all the articles carry numerous references to previous scientific research.
Because there has been controversy over the safety or otherwise of glyphosate, there have been calls for more rigorous research, such as: Landrigan, P.J., Belpoggi, F. 2018. The need for independent research on the health-effects of glyphosate-based herbicides. Environmental Health 17: 51. 17 references.
In response to this need, the independently funded Ramazzini Institute initiated The Global Glyphosate Study in 2016, producing their first peer-reviewed papers from their pilot studies in 2018, which showed adverse effects from glyphosate at previously accepted 'safe doses'..
Overviews
Cox, C., 1995. Glyphosate Fact Sheets: Part 1: Toxicology. Journal of Pesticide Reform. 15 (3) Fall 1995. Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides, Eugene, OR. 50 references.
Ho, M-W., Sirinathsinghji, E., 2012. Why Glyphosate should be banned - a review of its hazards to health and the environment. Permaculture Research Institute. (Institute of Sc ience in Society Special Report) 107 references
Earth Open Source, 2012. Roundup and Birth Defects (overview, with industry responses)
Mason, Rosemary, 2013. Glyphosate Destructor of Human Health and Biodiversity. GMO Evidence
Friends of the Earth, June 2013. Concerns about Glyphosate's Approval. Friends of the Earth Europe (www.foeeurope.com).
Robinson, C., 2014. The glyphosate toxicity studies you're not allowed to see. GMWatch
Vandenberg, L.N., Blumberg, B., Antoniou, M.N., Benbrook, C.M., Carroll, L., Colborn, T., Everett, L.G., hansen, M., Landrigan, P.J., Lanphear, B.P., Mesnage, R., vom Saal, F.S., Welshons, W.V., Myers, J.P. 2016. Is it time to reasses current safety standards for glyphosate-based herbicides? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, (BMJ Journals) 71 (6) 55 references
Myers, J.P., Antoniou, M.N., Blumberg, B., Carroll, L., Colborn, T., Everett, L.G., Hansen, M., Landrigan, P.J., Lanphear, B.P., Mesnage, R., Vandenberg, L.N., vom Saal, F.S., Wlshons, W.V., Benbrook, C.M. 2016. Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement. Environmental Health 15: 19. 80 references
Clausing, P., Robinson, C., and Burtscher-Schaden, H. 2018. Pesticides and public health: An analysis of the regulatory approach to assessing the carcinogenicity of glyphosate in the European Union. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 20 references
Torretta, V., Katsoyiannis, I.A., Viotti, P., Rada, E.C. 2018. Critical Review of the Effects of Glyphosate Exposure to the Environment and Humans through the Food Supply Chain. Sustainability, MDPI Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 67 references
Landrigan, P.J., Belpoggi, F. 2018. The need for independent research on the health effects of glyphosate-based herbicides. Environmental Health , 17:51. 17 references
Defrage, N., Spiroux de Vendomois, J., Séralini, G.E., 2018. Toxicity of formulants and heavy metals in glyphosate-based herbicides and other pesticides. Science Direct: Toxicology Reports. 5: 156-163. 71 references
Vanlaeys, A., Dubuisson, F., Séralini, G-E., Travert, C. 2018. Formulants of glyphosate-based herbicides have more deleterious impact than glyphosate on TM4 Sertoli cells, Toxicology In Vitro 52 (October 2018) 14–22
Van Bruggen, A.H.C., He, M.M., Shin, K., Mai, V., Jeong, K.C., Finckh, M.R., Morris, J.G.Jr. 2018. Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosate. Science of the Total Environment, 616-617: 255-268. 167 references
Mesnage, R., Benbrook, C., Antoniou, M.N. 2019. Insight into the confusion over surfactant co-formulants in glyphosate-based herbicides, Food and Chemical Toxicology. 128 (June 2019) 137–145, 73 references
Zaller, J.G. and Brühl, C.A. 2019. Editorial: Non-target Effects of Pesticides on Organisms Inhabiting Agroecosystems (2019) Frontiers in Environmental Science (31 May 2019). 3 references
Gillezeau, C., Lieberman-Cribbin, W., Taioli, E. 2020. Update on human exposure to glyphosate, with a complete review of exposure in children. Environmental Health, 19, article 115. Published 12 November 2020. 26 references
Krimsky, S. 2021. Can Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Contribute to Sustainable Agriculture? Sustainability 13 (4) 2337. 105 references
da Silva, K.A., Beltrame Nikola, V., Tavares Dudas, R., Demetrio, W.C., dos Santos Maia, L., Cunha, L., Bartz, M.L.C., Brown, G.G., Pasini, A., Kille, P., Ferreira, N.G.C., Ribas de Oliveira, C.M., 2021. Pesticides in a case study on no-tillage farming systems and surrounding forest patches in Brazil. Nature, Scientific Reports 11, 9839 (published 10th May 2021). 110 references
van Bruggen, A.H.C., Finckh, M.R., He, M., Ritsema, C.J., Harkes, P., Knuth, D., Geissen, V. 2021. Indirect Effects of the Herbicide Glyphosate on Plant, Animal and Human Health Through its Effects on Microbial Communities.Frontiers in Environmental Science 9:2021 (18th October 2021) 250 references
Ospino, M., Schultze, A., Morales-Agudelo, P., Vidol,M., Wong, L-Y., Calafat, A.M. 2022. Exposure to glyphosate in the United States: Data from the 2013 - 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environment International vol. 170, December 2022, 107620. 80 references
Klatyik, S., Simon, G., Olah, M., Mesnage, R., Antoniou, M.N., Zaller, J.G., Szekacs, A. 2023. Terretstrial ecotoxicity of glyphosate, its formulations, and co-formulants: evidence from 2010 to 2023. Environmental Sciences Europe. Open access, published 08.07.2023. 280 references
PROBLEMS FOR HUMANS
Antibiotic resistance
Liu, Y-B., Long, M-X., Yin, Y-J., Si, M-R., Zhang, L., Lu, Z-Q., Wang, Y., Shen, X-H. 2013. Physiological roles of mycothiol in detoxification and tolerance to multiple poisonous chemicals in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Archives of Microbiology 195 (6) 419-429. 48 references
Kurenbach, B., Gibson, P.S., Hill, A.M., Bitzer, A.S., Silby, M.W., Godsoe, W., Heinemann, J.A. 2017. Herbicide ingredients change Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium and Escherichia coli antibiotic responses. Microbiology, online 17 November 2017 40 references
Liao, H., Li X., Yang, Q., Bai,Y., Cui, P., Wen, C., Liu, C., Chen, Z., Tang, J., Che, J., Yu, Z., Geisen, S., Zhou, S., Friman, V-P., Zhu, Y-G. 2021. Herbicide Selection Promotes Antibiotic Resistance in Soil Microbiomes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38 (6) 2337-2350. 75 references
van Bruggen, A.H.C., Finckh, M.R., He, M., Ritsema, C.J., Harkes, P., Knuth, D., Geissen, V. 2021. Indirect Effects of the Herbicide Glyphosate on Plant, Animal and Human Health Through its Effects on Microbial Communities. Frontiers in Environmental Science, Toxicology, Pollution and the Environment. published 18th October 2021. 250 references
Cancer risks
De Roos, A.J., Blair, A., Rusiecki, J.A., Hoppin, J.A., Svec, M., Dosemeci, M., Sandler, D.P., Alavanja, M.C., 2005. Cancer Incidence among Glyphosate-Exposed Pesticide Applicators in the Agricultural Health study. Environmental Health Perspectives 113 (1) 49-54. 56 references
Eriksson, M., Hardell, L., Carlberg, M., Akerman, M., 2008. Pesticide exposure as risk factor for non-Hodgkin lymphoma including histopathological subgroup analysis. International Journal of Cancer 123: 1657-1663. 41 references
Samsel, Anthony & Seneff, Stephanie 2013. Glyphosate, pathways to Modern Diseases II: Celiac Sprue and Gluten Intolerance. Interdisciplinary Toxicology 6 (4) 159-184. 271 references
Thongprakalsang, S., Thiantanawat, A., Rangkadilok N., Suriyo, T., Satayavivad, J., 2013. Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via oestrogen receptors. Food & Chemical Toxicology 59: 129-136
Alavanja, M.C.R., Ross, M.K., Bonner, M.R., 2013. Increased Cancer Burden Among Pesticide Applicators and Others Due to Pesticide Exposure. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 63 (2): 120-142. 186 references
Séralini, G-E, Clair, E., Mesnage, R., Grass, S., Defarge, N., Malatesta, M., Hannequin, D., Spirouz de Vendômois, J., 2014. Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Environmental Sciences Europe. 75 references.
Ho, M.W., 2014. Glyphosate and Cancer. Institute of Science in Society Report 26.3.2014. 34 references
Schinasi, L., Leon, M.E., 2014. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Occupational Exposure to Agricultural Pesticide Chemical Groups and Active Ingredients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11 (4): 4449-4527. 77 references
International Agency for Research into Cancer, 2015. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol.112 (2015) Some Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides. Glyphosate. Authors: Guyton, K.Z., Loomis, D., Grosse, Y., Ghissassi, F. E., Benbrahim-Tallaa, L., Guha, N., Scoccianti, C., Mattock, H., Straif, K. on behalf of the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group, IARC, Lyon, France. Summary published in the Lancet Oncology, Vol. 16, no.5, pp 490-491, May 2015. 16 references
Samsel, A., Seneff, S. 2015. Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases IV: Cancer and related pathologies. Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry 15 (3) 121 - 159. 246 references
Zhang, L., Rana, I., Shaffer, R.M., Taioli, E., Sheppard, L., 2019. Exposure to Glyphosate-Based Herbicides and Risk for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Meta-Analysis and Supporting Evidence. Mutation Research / Reviews in Mutation Research, available online 10.02.2019. 124 references
Leon, M.E., Schinasi, L.H., Lebailly, P., Freeman, L.E.B., Nordby. K-C., Ferro, G., Monnereau, A., Brouwer, M., Tual, S., Baldi, I., Kjaerham, K., Hofmann, J.N., Kristensen, P., Koutros, S., Straif, K., Kromhout, H., Schuz. J. 2019. Pesticide use and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoid malignancies in agricultural cohorts from France, Norway and the USA: a pooled analysis from the AGRICOH consortium. International Journal of Epidemiology. 53 references
Duforestel, M., Nadaradjane, A., Bougras-Cartron, G., Briand, J., Olivier, C., Frenel, J-S., Vallette, F.M., Lelièvre, S.A., Cartron, P.-F. 2019. Glyphosate Orimes Mammary Cells for Tumorigenesis by Reprogramming the Epigenome in a TET3-Dependent Manner. Frontiers in Genetics, September 2019. 48 references
Portier, C.J., 2020. A comprehensive analysis of the animal carcinogenicity data for glyphosate from chronic exposure rodent carcinogenicity studies. Environmental Health. 19, 18. Published online, Open Access, 12th February 2020. 100 references
Mesnage,R., Ibragim,M., Mandrioli,D., Falcioni,L., Tibaldi,E., Belpoggi,F., Brandsma,I., Bourne,E., Savage,E., Mein,C.A., Antoniou,M.N. 2022. Comparative Toxicogenomics of Glyphosate and Roundup Herbicides by Mammalian Stem Cell-Based Genotoxicity Assays and Molecular Profiling in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Toxicological Sciences, Volume 186, Issue 1, March 2022, pp 83–101, 75 references.
Chang, V.C., Andreotti, G., Ospina,M., Parks, C.G., Liu, D., Shearer, J.J., Rothman, N., Silverman, D.T., Sandler, D.P., Calafat, A.M., Beane Freeman, L.E., Hofmann, J.N. 2023. Glyphosate exposure and urinary oxidative stress biomarkers in the Agricultural Health Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 115, issue 4, April 2023. pp. 394-404. 68 references
Rana, J., Nguyen,P.K., Rigutto, G., Louise, A., Lee, J., Smith, M.T., Zhang, L. 2023. Mapping the key characteristicas of carcinogens for glyphosate and its formulations: A systematic review. Chemosphere Vol 339, October 2023. 164 references
Clausing, P., Knasmueller, S., Portier, C.J., 2023. Glyphosate and Oxidative Stress: ECHA's superficial approach neglects existing hazards. zenoob, published August 28 2023.. 56 references
Panzacchi, S., Tibaldi, E., De Angelis, L., Falcioni, L., Giovannini, R., Gnudi, F., Iuliani, M., Manservigi, M., Manservisi, F., Manzoli, I. Menghetti, I., Montella, R., Noferini, R., Sgargi, D., Strollo, V., Truzzi, F., Antoniou, M.N., Chen, J., Dinelli, G., Lorenzetti, S., Mantovani, A., Mesnage, R., Perry, M.J., Vornoli, A., Landrigan, P.J., Belpoggi, F., Mandrioli, D. 2025. Carcinogenic effects of long-term exposure from prenatal life to glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides in Sprague-Dawley rats. Environmental Health 24, article no. 36. 101 references
Reproduction, pregnancy, birth defects, infant mortality and endocrine disruption
Tate, T.M., Spurlock, J.O., Christian, F.A. 1997. Effect of Glyphosate on the Development of Pseudosuccinea columella Snails. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 33 (3) 286-289
Garry, V.F., Harkins, M.E., Erickson, L.L., Long-Simpson, L.K., Holland, S.E., Burroughs, B.L., 2002. Birth Defects, Season of Conception, and Sex of Children Born to Pesticide Applicators Living in the Red River Valley of Minnesota, USA. Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (Suppl 3) 441-449. 69 references
Richard, S., Moslemi, S., Sipahular, H., Benachour, N., Séralini, G-E., 2005. Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placenta and Aromatase. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113 (6) 716-720. 38 references
Benachour, N., Sipahular, H., Moslemi, S., Gasnier, C., Travert, C., Séralini, G.E., 2007. Time- and dose-dependent effects of Roundup on Human embryonic and placental cells. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53 (1): 126-133. 42 references
Gasnier, C., Dumont, C., Benachour, N., Clair, E., Chagnon, M.C., Séralini, G.E. 2009. Glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell lines. Toxicology 262 (3) : 184-191. 94 references
Romano, R.M.., Romano, M.A., 2010. Prepubertal exposure to commercial formulation of the herbicide glyphosate alters testosterone levels and testicular morphology. Archives of Toxicology. 84 (4) 309-317. 40 references
Antoniou, M., Ezz El-Din Mostafa Habib, M., Howard, C. V., Jennings, R.C., Leifert, C., Nodari, R.O., Robinson, C., Fagan, J.. June 2011. Roundup and birth defects. Is the public being kept in the dark? Pub. Earth Open Source. 358 references
Antoniou,M., Habib, M.E.M., Howard, C. V., Jennings, R.C., Leifert, C., Nodari, R.O., Robinson, C., Fagan, J. 2012. Teratogenic Effects of Glyphosate-based Herbicides: Divergence of Regulatory Decisions from Scientific Evidence. Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, S4-006, 97 references
Romano, M.A., Romano, R.M., Santos, L.D., Wisniewski, P., Campos, D.A., de Souza, P.B., Bernardi, M.M., Nunes, M.T., de Oliviera C.A. 2012. Gyphosate impairs male offspring reproductive development by disrupting gonadotropin expression. Archives of Toxicology, 86 (4) 663-673. 56 references
Kruger, M, Schrodl, Wieland, Pedersen, Ib, & Shehata, A. A., 2014. Detection of Glyphosate in Malformed Piglets. Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology, 4:230. 4 references
Young, F., Ho D., Glynn, D., & Edwards, V. 2015. Endocrine disruption and cytotoxicity of glyphosate and roundup in human JAr cells in vitro. Integrative Pharamcology, Toxicology and Genotoxicology. Vol 1 (1) 12-19. 30 references
Parvez, S., Gerona, R. R., Proctor, C., Friesen, M., Ashby, J. L., Reiter, J. L., Lui, Z. & Winchester, P. D. 2018. Glyphosate exposure in pregnancy and shortened gestational length: a prospective Indiana birth cohort study. Environmental Health 2018 17:23. 56 references
Chiu, Y-H., Williams, P.L., Gillman, M., et.al. 2018. Association Between Pesticide Residue Intake From Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables and Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women Undergoing Infertility Treatment With Assisted Reproductive Technology. JAMA Network 178 (1) 17-26.
Milesi, M.M., Lorenz, V., Pacini, G., Repetti, M.R., Demonte, L.D., Varayoud, J., Luque, E.H. 2018. Perinatal exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide impairs female reproductive outcomes and induces second-generation adverse effects in Wistar rats. Archives of Toxicology, 92 (8) 2629-2643. 94 references
Avila-Vazquez, M., Difilippo, F.S., Mac Lean, B., Maturano, B., Etchegoyen, A. 2018. Environmental Exposure to Glyphosate and Reproductive Health Impacts in Agricultural Population of Argentina. Journal of Environmental Protection, Open Access Scientific Research, Vol. 9, no.3, March 2018. 36 references
Manservisi, F., Lesseur, C., Panzacchi, S., Mandrioli, D., Falcioni, L., Bua, L., Manservigi, M., Spinaci, M., Galeati, G., Mantovani, A., Lorenzetti, S., Miglio, R., Andrade, A.M., Kristensen, D.M., Perry, M.J., Swan, S.H., Chen, J., Belpoggi, F. 2019. The Ramazzini Institute 13-week pilot study glyphosate-based herbicides administered at human-equivalent dose to Sprague Dawley rats: effects on development and the endocrine system. Environmental Health, 18:15. 54 references
Alarcón, R., Rivera, O.E., Ingaramo, P.I., Tschopp, M.V., Dioguardi, G.H., Milesi, M.M., Muños-de-Toro, M., Luque, E.H. 2020 Neonatal exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide alters the uterine differentiation of prepubertal ewe lambs. Environmental Pollution, 265 Part B, October 2020, 114874. Available online 22 March 2021.
Muños, J.P., Bleak, T.C., Calaf, G.M., 2020. Glyphosate and the key characteristics of an endocrine disruptor: A review. Chemosphere online 19th October 2020, 128619. 174 references
Dias, M., Rocha, R., Soares, R.R., 2020. Down the River: Glyphosate Use in Agriculture and Birth Outcomes of Surrounding Populations. Latin American and the Caribbean Economic Association, Working Paper Series 0024. 87 references
Lesseur, C., Pirrotte, P., Pathak, K.V., Manservisi, F., Mandrioli, D., Belpoggi, F., Panzacchi, S., Li, Q., Barrett, E.S., Nguyen, R.H.N., Sathyanarayana. S., Swan, S.H., Chen, J. 2021. Maternal urinary levels of glyphosate during pregnancy and anogenital distance in newborns in a US multicenter pregnancy cohort. Environmental Pollution. 280 1 July 2021, 117002.
Prasad, S., Srivastava, S., Singh, M., Shukla, Y., 2009. Clastogenic Effects of Glyphosate in Bone Marrow Cells of Swiss Albino Mice. Journal of Toxicology (2009) 308985. 39 references
Koller, V.J., Fürhacker, M., Nersesyan, A., Mišik, M., Eisenbauer, M., Knasmueller, S., 2012. Cytotoxic and DNA-damaging properties of glyphosate and Roundup in human-derived buccal epithelial cells. Archives of Toxicology 86 (5): 805-813. 47 references
Townsend, M., Peck, C., Meng, W., Heaton, M., Robison, R., O'Neill, K. 2017. Evaluation of various glyphosate concentrations on DNA damage in human Raji cells and its impact on cytotoxicity. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 85: 79-85.
Kwiatkowska, M., Reszka, E., Wozniak, K., Jablonska, E., Michalowicz, J., Bokowska, B. 2017. DNA damage and methyltaion induced by glyphosate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (in vitro study). Food and Chemical Toxicology 105: 93-98.
Santovito, A., Ruberto, S, Gendusa, C., Cervella, P. 2018. In vitro evaluation of genomic damage induced by glyphosate on human lymphocytes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Vol. 25, Issue 34, pp 34693-34700. (Online October 2018) 37 references
Benbrook, C.M., 2018. How did the US EPA and IARC reach diametrically opposed conclusions on the genotoxicity of glyphosate-based herbicides? Environmental Sciences Europe, 31:2 (online 14th January 2019. 70 references
Long-term trans-generational risks
Kubsad, D., Nilsson, E.E., King, S.E., Sadler-Riggleman, I., Beck, D., skinner, M.E. 2019. Assessment of Glyphosate Induced Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance of Pathologies and Sperm Epimutations: Generational Toxicology. Scientific Reports, 9, Article no: 6372. (published 23rd April 2019. 100 references
Maamar, M.B., Beck, D., Nilsson, E.E., Kubsad, D., Skinner, M.K., 2020. Epigenome-wide association study for glyphosate induced transgenerational sperm DNA methylation and histone retention epigenetic biomarkers for disease. Epigenetics 10.1080/15592294.2020.1853319. 41 references
Male infertility, reproductive effects
Clair, E., Mesnage, R., Travert, C., Séralini, G.E., 2012. A glyphosate-based herbicide induces apoptosis in mature rat cells in vitro, and testosterone decrease at lower levels. Toxicology in vitro 26: 269-279. 61 references
de Liz Oliveira Cavalli, V.L., Cattani, D., Heinz Rieg, C.E., Pierozan, P., Zanatta, L., Parisotto, E.B., Filho D.W.., Mena Barreto Silva, F.R., Pessoa-Pureur, R., Zamoner, A., 2013. Roundup disrupts male reproductive functions by triggering calcium-mediated cell death in rat testis and Sertoli cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 65: 335-346. 80 references
Liu, J-B., Wang, Z-Y., Wang, L. 2022. Glyphosate damages blood-testis barrier via NOX1-triggered oxidative stress in rats: Long-term exposure as a potential risk for male reproductive health. Environment International 159, 15 January 2022, 107038. 68 references
Lung problems and Asthma
Avila-Vázquez, M., Difilippo, F., Mac Lean, B., Maturano, E. 2020. Risk of asthma and environmental exposure to glyphosate in an ecological study. Authorea. August 13, 2020. 30 references
Sidthilaw, S., Sapbamrer, R., Pothirat, C., Wunnapuk, K, Khacha-ananda, S. 2022. Effects of exposure to glyphosate on oxidativ stress, inflammation and lung function in maize farmers, Northern Thailand. BMC Public Health, Article no. 1343. 49 References
Gut bacteria / microbiome disruption
Brewster, D.W., Warren, J.,Hopkins, W.E., 1991. Metabolism of glyphosate in Sprague-Dawley rats: Tissue distribution, identification, and quantification of glyphosate-derived materials following a single oral dose. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 17: 43-51
Shehata, A. A., Schrödl, W., Aldin, A. A., Hafez, H. M., Krüger, M., 2012. The effect of Glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiotica in vitro. Current Microbiology, 9th December 2012. 59 references
Samsel, Anthony & Seneff, Stephanie 2013. Glyphosate, pathways to Modern Diseases II: Celiac Sprue and Gluten Intolerance. Interdisciplinary Toxicology 6 (4) 159-184. 271 references
Schrödl, W., Krüger, S., Konstantinova-Müller, T., Shehata, A., Rulff, R., Krüger, M., 2014. Possible Effects of Glyphosate on Mucorales Abundance in the Rumen of Dairy Cows in Germany. Current Microbiology 69 (6) 817-823. 40 references
Mao, Q, Manservisi, S., Panzacchi, S., Mandrioli, D., Menghetti, I., Vornoli, A., Buia, L., Falcioni, L., Lesseur, C., Chen, J., Belpoggi, F., Hu, J. 2018. The Ramazzini Institute 13-week pilot study on glyphosate and Roundup administered at human-equivalent dose to Sprague Dawley rats: effects on the microbiome. Environmental Health, 17:50. 80 references
Mesnage, R., Teixeira, M.,Mandrioli, D., Falcioni, L., Ducarmon, Q.R., Zwittink, R.D., Amiel, C., Panoff, J-M., Belpoggi, F., Antoniou, M.N. 2019. Shogun metagenomics reveal glyphosate alters the gut microbiome of Sprague-Dawley rats by inhibiting the shikimate pathway. bioRxiv - preprint (prior to peer review) posted 11th December 2019. 74 references
Barnett, J.,A., Gibson, D.L. 2020. Separating the Empirical Wheat from the Pseudoscientific Chaff: A Critical Review of the Literature Surrounding Glyphosate, Dsybiosis and Wheat-Sensitivity. Frontiers in Microbiology. 25 September 2020. 47 references
Leino, L., Tall, T., Helander, M., Saloniemi, I., Saikkonen, K., Ruuskanen, S., Puighò, P. 2020. Classification of the glyphosate target enzyme (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) for assessing sensitivity of organisms to the herbicide. Journal of Hazardous Materials, online November 2020, 124556. 49 references
Mesnage, R., Teixeira, M., Mandrioli, D., Falcioni, L., Ducarmon, Q.R., Zwittink, R.D., Mazzacuva, F., Caldwell, A., Amiel, C., Pannoff, J-M., Belpoggi, F., Antoniou, M.N. 2021. Use of Shotgun Metagenomics and Metabolomics to Evaluate the Impact of Glyphosate or Roundup MON 52276 on the Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolome of Sprague-Dawley Rats.. Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 129, no.1 (January 2021) References incorporated in text
Mesnage, R., Calatayud, M., Duysburgh, C., Marzorati, M. and Antoniou, M.N. 2022. Alterations in infant gut microbiome composition and metabolism after exposure to glyphosate and Roundup and/or a spore-based formulation using the SHIME technology. Gut Microbiome. Published online by Cambridge University Press, 26 July 2022. 73 references
Organ damage (especially kidneys and liver)
Jayasumana, C., Gunatilake, S., Senanayake, P., 2014. Glyphosate, Hard Water and Nephrotoxic Metals: Are They the Culprits Behind the Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in Sri Lanka? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 109 references
Séralini, G-E, Clair, E., Mesnage, R., Gress, S., Defarge, N., Malatesta, M., Hennequin, D., Spiroux de Vendômois, J., 2014. Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Environmental Sciences Europe, 26: 14. 75 references
Tizhe, E.V., Onyebuche, I.I., George, B.D.J., Ambali, S.F., Shallangwa, J.M., 2014. Influence of zinc supplementation on histopathological changes in the stomach, liver, kidney, brain, pancreas and spleen during subchronic exposure of Wistar rats to glyphosate. Comparative Clinical Pathology 23 (5): 1535-1543 (published online October 2013) 32 references
Jayasumana, C., Paranagama, P., Agampodi, S., Wijewardane, C., Gunatilake, S., Siribaddana, S., 2015. Drinking well water and occupatiomal exposure to Herbicides is associated with chronic kidney disease, in Padavi-Sripura, Sri Lanka. Environmental Health 14:6. 41 references
Jayasumana, C., Gunatilake, S., Siribaddana, S., 2015. Simultaneous exposure to multiple heavy metals and glyphosate may contribute to Sri Lankan agricultural nephropathy. BMC Nephrology 16:103. 47 references
Mesnage, R., Arno, M., Costanzo, M., Malatesta, M., Séralini, G.-E., Antoniou, M.N. 2015. Transcriptome profile analysis reflects rat liver and kidney damage following chronic ultra-low dose Roundup exposure. EnvironmentalHealth 14:70. 44 references
Mesnage, R., Renney, G., Séralini, G.-E., Ward, M., & Antoniou, M. N. 2017. Multiomics reveal non-fatty liver disease in rats following chronic exposure to an ultra-low dose of Roundup herbicide. Nature.com - Scientific reports 7, article number 39328. Published online 9th January 2017. 53 references
Ford, B., Bateman, L.A., Gutierrez-Palominos, L., Park, R., Nomura, D.K. 2017. Mapping Proteome-wide Targets of Glyphosate in Mice. Cell Chemical Biology. 33 references
Gunatilake, S., Seneff, S., Orlando, L. 2019. Glyphosate's Synergistic Toxicity in Combination with Other Factors as a Cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (15): 2734. 167 references
Trasande, L., India-Aldana, S., Trachtmn, H., Kannan, K., Morrison, D., Christakis, D.A., Whitlock, K., Messito, M.J., Gross, R.S., Karthikraj, R., Sathyanarayana, S. 2020. Glyphosate Exposures and Kidney Injury Biomarkers in Infants and Young Children. Environmental Pollution 256: 113334. Published online October 23rd 2019 doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113334. 46 references
Qi, L., Dong, Y-M., Chao, H., Zhao, P., Ma, S-L., Li, G., 2023. Glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts energy metabolism and activates inflammatory response through oxidative stress in mice liver. Chemosphere vol. 315 February 2023, 137751. 64 references
Eskenazi, B., Gunier, R.B., Rauch, S., Kogut, K., Perito, E.M., Mendez, X., Limbach, C., Holland, N., Bradman, A., Harley, K.G., Mills, P.J., Mora, A.M. 2023. Association of Lifetime Exposure to Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (AMPA) with Liver Inflammation and Metabolic Syndrome at Young Adulthood: Findings from the CHAMACOS Study. Environmental Health Perspectives vol.131 no.3. March 2023. 93 references
Reichelmann-Casarin, L., Volente L.C., Otton, R., Barbisan, L.F., Romualdo, G.R., 2025., Are glyphosate or glyphosate-based herbicides linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)? The weight of current evidence. Environmental Toxicolog< and Pharmacology, vol. 116, June 2025, 104705. 126 references
Dietary intake, exposure. Glyphosate present in human and animal urine, also human breast milk
Hoppe, H-W., 2013. Determination of Glyphosate residues in Human urine samples from 18 European countries. Study of 182 urine samples carried out at the Medical Laboratory Bremen, Germany, sponsored by BUND & FoE
Krüger, M., Schledorn, P., Schrödl, W., Hoppe, H-W., Lutz, W., Shehata, A.A., 2014.Detection of Glyphosate Residues in Animals and Humans. Journal of Environmental and Anayltical Toxicology4: 210. 30 references
Schrödl, W., Krüger, S., Konstantinova-Müller, T., Shehata, A., Rulff, R., Krüger, M., 2014. Possible Effects of Glyphosate on Mucorales Abundance in the Rumen of Dairy Cows in Germany. Current Microbiology 69 (6) 817-823. 40 references
Honeycutt, Z., Rowlands, H., 2014. Glyphosate testing report:Findings in American Mothers' Breast Milk, Urine and Water. Research conducted by Moms Across America & Sustainable Pulse. 6 references, plus listing of ten relevant scientific papers with online links.
Mills, P.J., Kania-Korwel, I., Fagan, J., et al. 2017. Excretion of the Herbicide Glyphosate in Older Adults between 1993 asnd 2016. JAMA Network (Journal of the American Medical Association) 318 (16) 1610-1611
Neural damage, Neurotoxicity
Paganelli, A., Gnazzo, V., Acosta, H., Lopez, S.L., & Carrasco, A.E., 2010. Glyphosate-based herbciides produce teratogenic effects on vertebrates by impairing retinoic acid signalling. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 18: 23 (10): 1586 - 95, 99 references
Cattani, D., de Liz Oliveira Cavalli V.L., Rieg, C.E.H., Dominques, J.T., Dal-Cim, T., Tasca, C.I., Barreto Silva, F.R.M., Zamoner, A., 2014. Mechanisms underlying the neurotoxicity induced by glyphosate-based herbicide in immature rat hippocampus: involvement of glutamate excitoxicity. Toxicology 320 (5): 34-45. 53 references
Samsel,A., Seneff,S. 2015. Glyphosate pathways to modern diseases III: Manganese, neurological diseases, and associated pathologies. Surgery Neurology International, 6:45. 8 references
Winstone, J.K., Pathak, K.V., Winslow, W., Piras, I.S., White, J., Sharma, R., Huentelman, M.J., Pirrotte, P., Velasquez, R. 2022. Glyphosate infiltrates the brain and increases pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα: implications for neurodegenerative disorders. Journal of Neuroinflammation 19, 193. 77 references
Costas-Ferreira, C., Duran, R., Faro, L.R.F. 2022. Toxic effects of glyphosate on the nervous system: a systematic review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 9 4605. 209 references
Hsiao, C.C., Yang, A-M., Wang, C., Lin, C-Y. 2023. Association between glyphosate exposure and cognitive function, depression, and neurological diseases in a representative sample of US adults: NHANES 2013-2014 analysis. Environmental Research vol. 237, Part 1, 15.11.2023. 59 references
Yang, A-M., Chu, P-L., Wang, C., Lin, C-L. 2023. Association between urinary glyphosate levels and serum neurofilament light chain in a representative sample of US adults: NHANES 2013 - 2014. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, publioshed September 6th 2023. 54 references
Bartholomew, S.K., Winslow, W., Sharma, R., Pathak, K.V., Tallino, S., Judd, J.M., Leon, H., Turk, J., Pirrotte, P., Velasquez, R. 2024. Glyphosate exposure exacerbates neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease-like pathology despite a 6-month recovery period in mice. Journal of Neuroinflammation 21 article number 316. 120 references
Parkinson’s disease
Barbosa E.R., da Costa, L., Bacheschi, L.A., Scaff, M., Leite, C.C., 2001. Parkinsonism after glycine-derivate exposure. Movement Disorders 16 (3): 565-568
Wang, G., Fan, X-N., Tan, Y-Y., Cheng, Q., Chen, S-D. 2011. Parkinsonism after chronic occupational exposure to glyphosate. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders (Letter to Editor) 17(6): 486-487 (2011). 5 references
Caballero, M., Amiri, S., Denney, J.T., Monsivais, P., Hystad, P. 2018. Estimated Residential Exposure to Agricultural Chemicals and Premature Mortality by Parkinson's Disease in Washington State. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (12) 2885. 40 references
Autism
de Cock, M., Maas, Y.G., van de Bor, M., 2012. Does perinatal exposure to endocrine disruptors induce autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders? Review. Acta Paediatrica 101 (8): 811-888. 55 references
von Ehremstein, O.S., Ling, C., Cui, X., Cockburn, M., Park, A.S., Yu F., Wu, J. 2019. Prenatal and infant exposure to ambient pesticides and autism spectrum disorder in children: population based case-control study. British Medical Journal; 364:1962. 80 references
ANIMALS
Talyn, B., Muller, K., Mercado, C., Gonzalez, B, Bartels, K. 2023. The Herbicide Glyphosate and Its Forumlations Impact Animal Behavior across Taxa. Agrochemicals 2023, 2 (3) 367-408. Pub. 10.07.2023. 223 references
Hébert, M-P., Fugère, V., Gonzalez, A. 2018. The overlooked impact of rising glyphosate use on phosphorus loading in agricultural watersheds. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 59 references
Kruse-Plaß, M., Hofmann, F., Wosniaok, W., Schlechtriemen, U., Kohlschlütter, N. 2021. Pesticides and pesticide-related products in ambient air in Germany. Environmental Sciences Europe, 33, article number 114. 46 references
WATER, FISH, AQUATIC ORGANISMS
Folmar, L.C., Sanders, H.O., Julin, A.M. 1979. Toxicity of the herbicide glyphosate and several of its formulations to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 8 (3) 269-278. 9 references
Popp, M., Hann, S., Mentler, A., Fuerhacker, M., Stingeder, G., Koellensperger, G., 2008. Determination of glyphosate and AMPA in surface and waste water using high-performance ion chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction celll mass spectrometry (HPIC-ICP-DRC-MS). Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 391 (2): 695-699. 16 references
Cummings,M., Bullerjahn, G.S. 2009. Phosphate Utilization by Great Lakes (Cyanobacteria). Vermont Government Agency (Poster)
Bullerjahn,G.S. 2010. Glyphosate loadings in Lake Erie Watersheds. Final report for LEPF Award 09-357. (Data collected through field studies)
Strickland,T., Fisher, L., Korleski, C. / Phosphorus Task Force. 2010. Ohio Lake Erie Phosphorus Task Force Final Report. Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. 126 references. (p.41, 4.2.1.6. Glyphosate as a Source of Phosphorus)
Sanchis,J., Kantiani, L., Llorca, M., Rubio, F., Ginebreda, A., Fraile, J., Garrido, T., Farré, M., 2012. Determination of glyphosate in groundwater samples using an ultrasensitive immunoassay and confirmation by on-line solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 402 (7) 2336-2345. 25 references
Shiogiri, N.S., Paulino, M.G., Carraschi, S.P., Baraldi, F.G., da Cruz, C.,Fernandes, M.N., 2012. Acute exposure of a glyphosate-herbicide affects the gills and liver of the Neotropical fish, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 34 (2) 388-396
Nwani, C.D., Nagpure, N.S., Kumar, R., Kushwaha, B., Lakra, W.S., 2013. DNA damage and oxidative stress modulatory effects of glyphosate-based herbicide in freshwater fish Channa punctatus. environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 36 (2) 539-547. 15 references
Ruiz-Toledo, J., Castro, R., Rivéro-Perez, N., Bello-Mendoza, R., Sánchez, D., 2014. Occurrence of Glyphosate in Water Bodies Derived from Intensive Agriculture in a Tropical Region of Southern Mexico. Bulletin of Envirnomental Contamination and Toxicology 93 (3): 289-293. 47 references
Mercurio, P., Flores, F., Mueller, J.F., Carter, S., Negri, A.P., 2014. Glyphosate persistence in seawater. Marine Pollution Bulletin 85 (2) 385-390. 53 references
Wang, C., Lin X., Li,L., Lin, S., 2016. Differential Growth Responses of Marine Phytoplankton to Herbicide Glyphosate. PLoS One. 86 references
Roy, N.M., Carneiro, B., Ochs, J. 2016. Glyphosate induces neurotoxicity in zebrafish. Environmental Toxicology and Pharamcology, 42: 45-54.
Hébert, M.-P., Fugère, V., Gonzalez, A. 2018. The overlooked impact of rising glyphosate use on phosphorus loading in agricultural watersheds. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment (The Ecological Society of America) 17 (1): 48 - 56. 59 references
Bruno Bastos Gonçalves, Percilia Cardoso Giaquinto, Douglas dos Santos Silva, Carlos de Melo e Silva Neto, Amanda Alves de Lima, Adriano Antonio Brito Darosci, Jorge Laço Portinho, Wanessa Fernandes Carvalho and Thiago Lopes Rocha, 2019. Ecotoxicology of Glyphosate-Based Herbicides on Aquatic Environment. 108 references. Open access peer-reviewed chapter, from 'Biochemical Toxicology' by Ince M., Ince, O.K., Ondrasek, G., pub. July 2020, open access e-book.
Fugère, V., Hébert, M-P., Barbosa da Costa N., Xu, C.C.Y., Barrett, R.D.H., Beisner, B.E., Bell, G., Fussmann, G.F., Shapiro B.J., Yargeau, V., Gonzalez, A. 2020. Community rescue in experiemntal phytoplankton communities facing severe herbicide pollution. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 1134-5. 81 references
Sánchez, J.A.A., Barros, D.M., Bistoni, M. de los Angeles, Ballesteros, M.L., Roggio, M.A., Martins, C De Gaspar Martinez. 2021. Glyphosate-based herbicides affect behavioural patterns of the livebearer Jenynsia multidentata. Environmental Science and Pollution Rsearch. Published 12th February 2021. 85 references
da Costa, N.B., Hébert, M-P., Fugère, V., Terrat, Y., Fussmann, G.F., Gonzalez,A., Shapiro, J. 2022. A glyphosate-based herbicide cross-selects for antibiotic resistance genes in bacterioplankton communities. ASM journals (American Society for Microbiology) 56 references
SOIL, SOIL ORGANISMS
da Silva, K.A., Nicola, V.B., Dudas, R.T., Demetrio, W.C., dos Santos Maia, L., Cunha, L., Bartz, M.L.C., Brown, G.G., Pasini, A, Kille, P., FGerreira, N.G.C., de Oliveira, C.M.R. 2021. Pesticides in a case study on no-tillage farming systems and surrounding forest patches in Brazil. Nature, Scientific Reports 11, article number 9839, published 10th May 2021. 110 references
Naraine, A., Sweeney, I., Aker, R., Shanbhag, V., Dawson-Scully, K. 2021. Roundup and Glyphosate Exposure Elicits Proconvulsant Behaviour in C.elegans. Federation of American Societies for Environmental Ecoloy (FASEB) Vol. 35, issue 51, article first published 14th May 2021.
Owagboriaye, F., Mesnage, R., Dedeke, G., Adegboyeda, T., Aladesida, A., Adeleke, M., Owa, S., Antoniou, M.N. 2021. Impacts of a glyphosate-based herbicide on the gut microbiome of three earthworm species (Alma millsoni, Eudrilus eugeniae, and Libyodrilus violaceus): A pilot study. Toxicology Reports 8 (2021) 753-758. 52 references
TREES
Feucht, J.R. 1988. Herbicide injuries to trees - symptoms and solutions. Journal of Arboriculture 14 (9) 215-219 (page 217). 8 references
PLANTS
Hawkes, T.R., Lorraine-Colwill, D.F., Williams, P.H., Warner, S.A.J., Sutton, P.B., Powles, S.B., Preston, C., 1999. Resistance to Glyphosate in a Population of Lolium Rigidum. Plant Biotechnology and in vitro Biology in the 21st Century. Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture. 36: 491-494 10 references
Bott, S., Tesfamariam, T., Candan, H., Cakmak, I., Römheld, V., Neumann, G., 2008. Glyphosate-induced impairment of plant growth and micronutrient status in glyphosate-resistant soybean (Plant and Soil 312 (1-2): 185-194
Fernandez, M.R., Zentner, R.P., Basnyat, P., Gehl, D., Selles, F., Huber, D., 2009. Glyphosate associations with cereal diseases caused by Fusarium spp. in the Canadian prairies. European Journal of Agronomy 31: 133-143. 63 references
Kremer, R.J., Means, N.E., 2009. Glyphosate and glyphosate-resistant crop interactions with rhizosphere microorganisms. European Journal of Agronomy 31 (3) 153-161.
Johal, G.S., Huber, D.M., 2009. Glyphosate effects on diseases of plants. European Journal of Agronomy 31 (3): 144-152. 72 references
Fuchs, B., Saikkonen,K., Helander,M. 2020. Glyphosate-Modulated Biosynthesis Driving Plant Defense and Species Interasctions. Trends in Plant Science, 26, issue 4, 312-313 (April 2021). Open Access published 02/12/2020. 86 references
Botteri, N., Wood, L.J., Werner, J.R. 2021. Glyphosate remains in forest plant tissues for a decade or more. Forest Ecology and Management vol.493, published 1st August 2021. 53 references
Golt, A.R., Wood, L.J., 2021. Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Alter the Reproductive Morphology of Rosa acicularis (Prickly Rose). Frontiers in Plant Science. 45 references
BEES
Goodwin, R.M., and McBrydie, H.M. 2000. Effect of Surfactants on Honey Bees, New Zealand Plant Protection 53 (August 1, 2000): 230–234.
Gill, R.J., Ramos-Rodriguez, O., Raine, N.E., 2012 Combined pesticide exposure severely affects individual- and colony-level traits in bees. Nature 491: 105-108. 40 references, 20 supplementary references
Boily, M., Sarrasin, B., DeBlois, C., Aras, P., Chagnon, M. 2013. Acetylcholinesterase in honey bees (Apis mellifera) exposed to neonicotinoids, atrazine and glyphosate: laboratory and field experiments, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 20, 5603–5614 (2013). 45 references
Herbert, L.T., Vázquez, D.E., Arenas, A., Farina, W.M., 2014. Effects of field-realistic doses of glyphosate on honeybee appetite behaviour. Journal of Experimental Biology 217: 3457-3464. 52 references
Motta, E.V.S., Raymann, K., Moran, N.A. 2018. Glyphosate perturbs the gut microbiotica of honey bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) of the United States of America, published online ahead of print, September 24 2018. 47 references
Motta, E.V.S., Raymann, K., Moran, N.A. 2018. Glyphosate perturbs the gut microbiota of honey bees, Journal of Applied Biological Sciences. 115 (41) 10305–10310. 47 references
Abraham, J., Senami Benhotons, G., Krampah, I., Tagba J., Amissah, C., Dwomoh Abraham, J. 2018. Commercially formulated glyphosate can kill non-target pollinator bees under laboratory conditions, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 186 (8) 695-702
Vázquez, D.E., Ičina, N., Pagano, E.A., Zavala, J.A., Farina, W.M. 2018. Glyphosate affects the larval development of honey bees depending on the susceptibility of colonies, PLoS ONE 13 (October 9 2018) e0205074. 67 references
Blot, N., Veillat, L., Rouzé, R., Delatte, H. 2019. Glyphosate, but not its metabolite AMPA, balters the honeybee gut microbiota, PLoS ONE 14 (4) e0215466. 58 references
Farina, W.M., Balbuena, M.S., Herbert, L.T., Mengoni Gonalons, C., Vasquez, D.E. 2019. Effects of the herbicide glyphosate on honey bee sensory and cognitive abilities: Individual impairments with implications for the hive, Insects, 10 (19) 354. 85 references
Zgurzynski, M., and Lushington, G. 2019. Glyphosate Impact on Apis mellifera Navigation: A Combined Behavioral and Cheminformatics Study. Pharmacology and Toxicology 7 (8) (July 2019): 806-824. 41 references
Daisley, B.A., Chmiel, J.A., Pitek, A.P., Thompson, G.J., Reid, G. 2020. Missing Microbes in Bees: How Systematic Depletion of Key Symbionts Erodes Immunity. Trends in Microbiology (2020) 28 (12), 1010-1021, 103 references
El Agrebi, N., Tosi, S., Wilmart, O., Scippo, M-L., de Graaf, D.C., Saegerman, C., 2020. Honeybee and consumer’s exposure and risk characterisation to glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) and its degradation product (AMPA): Residues in beebread, wax, and honey, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 704, 20th February 2020, 135312. ISSN 0048-9697.
Ledoux, M.L., Hettiarachchy, N., Yu, A., Howard, L., Sun-Ok, L. 2020. Penetration of glyphosate into the food supply and the incidental impact on the honey supply and bees, Food Control (2020) 109: 106859. 86 references
Motta, E.V.S. Moran, N.A. 2020. Impact of glyphosate on the honey bee gut microbiota: effects of intensity, duration, and timing of exposure, ASM Journals, mSystems vol. 5 no. 4 (28 July 2020) 59 references
Vázquez, D.E., Balbuena M.S., Chaves, F., Gora, J., Menzel, R., Farina, W.M. 2020. Sleep in honey bees is affected by the herbicide glyphosate, Scientific Reports 10 (29 June 2020) 10516.
Luo, Q-H., Gao, J., Liu, C., Ma, Y-Z., Zhou, Z-Y., Dai, P-L., Hou, C-S., Wu, Y-Y., Diao, Q-Y. 2021. Effects of a commercially formulated glyphosate solutions at recommended concentrations on honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) behaviours, Scientific Reports 11 (2021) 2115, 54 references
Straw, E.A., Carpentier, E.N., Brown, M.J.F. 2021. Roundup causes high levels of mortality following contact exposure in bumble bees. Journal of Applied Ecology 06.04.2021. 61 references
Almasri, H., Tavares, D.A., Tchamitchian, S., Pélissier, M., Sené, D., Cousin, M., Brunet, J-L., Belzunces, L.P., 2021. Toxicological status changes the
susceptibility of the honey bee Apis mellifera to a single fungicidal spray application, Environmental science and Pollution Research. 28, 42807–42820 (6th April 2021), 94 references.
Graffigna, S., Marrero, H.J., Torretta, J.P. 2021. Glyphosate commercial formulation negatively affects the reproductive success of solitary wild bees in a Pampean agroecosystem, Apidologie, 52, 272–281 (2021). 48 references
Battisti, L., Potrich, M., Sampaio, A.R., de Castillo Ghisi, N., Costa-Maia, F., Abati, R., Bueno dos Reis Martinez, C.Sofia,S.H. 2021. Is glyphosate toxic to bees? A meta-analytical review, Science of the Total Environvironment 767 (1st May 2021) 145397
Straw, E.A., Carpentier, E.N., Brown, M.J.F. 2021 Roundup causes high levels of mortality following contact exposure in bumble bees, Journal of Applied Ecology. 58 (06 April 2021) 1167–1176, 61 references
Motta,E.V.S., Powell, J.E., Moran, N.A. 2022. Glyphosate induces immune dysregulation in honey bees, Animal Microbiome 4 (2022) 16. 77 references
Tan, S., Li, G., Liu, Z., Wang, H., Guo, X., Xu, B. 2022. Effects of glyphosate exposure on honeybees. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 90. 3792. 106 references
da Silva, P.C., Goncalves, B., Franceschinelli, E., Brito, P. et al., 2022. Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Causes Cellular Alterations to Gut Epithelium of the Neotropical Stingless Bee Melipona quadrifasciata quadrifasciata (Hymenoptera: Meliponini), Neotropical Entomology (15 Nov 2022) 51(6):860-868. 19 references
Tan, S., Li, G., Liu, Z., Wang, H., Guo, X., Xu, B. 2022. Effects of glyphosate exposure on honeybees, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacolpgy. 90 (February 2022) 103792.Weidenmüller,A., Meltzer, A., Neupert, S.,
Schwartz, A., Kleineidam, C. 2022. Glyphosate impairs collective thermoregulation in bumblebees, Science 376 issue 6597 (2 July 2022) 1122–1126.85 references
Zioga, E., White, B.,Stout, J.C. 2022. Glyphosate used as desiccant contaminates plant pollen and nectar of non-target plant species, Heliyon, vol. 8 issue 12 e12179 (December 07 2022). 163 references
Wang, B., Habermehl, C., Jiang, L. 2022. Metabolomic analysis of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) response to glyphosate exposure, Molecular Omics, issue 7, 2022
Helander, M., Lehtonen, T.K., Saikkonen, K., Despains, L., Nyckees, D., Antinoja, A., Solvi, C., Loukola, O.J. 2023. Field-realistic acute exposure to glyphosate based herbicide impairs fine-color discrimination in bumblebees, Science of the Total Environment, (2023) 857(Pt 1):159298. 40 references
Motta,E.V.S. Moran, N.A. 2023. The effects of glyphosate, pure or in herbicide formulation, on bumble bees and their gut microbial communities. Science of the Total Environment. 872: 162102.
Nouvian, M., Foster, J.J., Weidenmüller, A., 2023. Glyphosate impairs aversive learning in bumblebees. Science of The Total Environment vol. 898, 10.11.2023. 72 references
BUTTERFLIES
Sirinathsinghji, E., 2011. Glyphosate and Monarch Butterfly Decline. Report for the Institute of Scientists in Society, 19/9/2011.
Pleasants, J.M., Oberhauser, K.S., 2012. Milkweed loss in agricultural fields because of herbicide use: effect on the monarch butterfly population. Insect Conservation and Diversity 6 (2): 135-144. 33 references
Taylor, O. R. Jr, Pleasants, J.M., Grundel, R., Pecoraro, S.D., Lovett, J.P., Ryan, A. 2020. Evaluating the Mogration Mortality Hypothesis Using Monarch Tagging Data. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. (Online 07.08.2020) 49 references
Vazquez, D.E., Villegas Martinez, L.E., Medina, V., Latorre-Estivalis, J.M., Zavala, J.A., Farina, W.M., 2023. Glyphosate affects larval gut microbiota and metamorphosis of honey bees with differences between rearing procedures. Environmental Pollution vol.334, 01.10.2023. 99 references
OTHER INSECTS
Kiefer, J.S.T., Batsukh, S., Bauer, E., Hiroba, B., Weiss, B., Wierz, J.C., Fukatsu, T., Kaltenpoth, M., Engl, T. 2021. Inhibition of a nutritional endosymbiont by glyphosate abolishes mutualistic benefit on cuticle synthesis in Oryzaephilus surinamensis. Communications Biology 4, article no. 554. published 11th May 2021. 123 references
Smith, D.F.Q., Camacho, E., Thakur, R., Barron, A.J., Deng, Y., Dimopoulos, G., Broderick, N.A., Casadevall, A. 2021. Glyphosate inhibits melanization and increases susceptibility to infection in insects. PLOS Biology. published 12th May 2021. 139 references
GASTROPODS
Tate, T.M., Spurlock, J.O., Christian, F.A. 1997. Effect of Glyphosate on the Development of Pseudosuccinea columella Snails. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 33 (3) 286-289
EVIDENCE FOR GLYPHOSATE SAFETY
?
Great doubts have been cast on the integrity of scientists and others who write in support of Glyphosate. As the agro-chemical business yields huge profits worldwide, there is much at stake. it is not surprising if the companies are prepared to pay for support, nor that some people of iinfluence may accept payment in return for their backing.
EPA Reregistration Decision: Glyphosate. EPA 738-R-93-014. September 1993, page 2. Bibliography: 281 entries, comprising 7 published papers, 228 unpublished papers submitted by Monsanto, 38 unpublished papers from other sources, 4 letters and 4 official statements / documents. When glyphosate came up for review by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 2009-2010, "the Agency required the pesticide registrants to conduct additional studies to support updated human health and ecological risk assessments". Not suršrisingly, the onclusion remained that glyphosate use was 'safe'.
In 2017 a campaign titled 'Stop Glyphosate' was launched as a European Citizens' Initiative petition titled 'Ban glyphosate and protect people and the environment from toxic pesticides'. In less than six months the petition garnered well over the 1 million signatures needed for consideration by the European Commission. However, the request for a ban was rejected out of hand.
On October 13th 2021, an open letter signed by 41 concerned civil society groups, including Eco Hvar, was sent to the EU Commission urging the Commission to stop using unreliable industry studies in the renewal assessment procedure for glyphosate.
Despite extensive research, I have not found any convincing independent scientific evidence for Glyphosate's safety. After all, how can any poison be safe? The slightest doubt should be enough to put a stop to its use, in accordance with the Precautionary Principle. If any reader comes across genuinely independent scientific papers published in peer-reviewed journals which put forward a reasoned case for the safe use of Glyphosate in the environment, we will consider adding them to this list of references.
© Vivian Grisogono 2016: this record is frequently updated, last update June 2025
