SOS za naše šišmiše!

UNEP/EUROBATS - Sporazum o zaštiti europskih populacija šišmiša je 2011-2012. proglasio Međunarodnom godinom šišmiša u kampanju zaštite 'noćnih vladara neba', osim Ministarstva zaštite prirode (sada Ministarstvo zaštite okolša i energetike) i Državnog zavoda za zaštitu prirode koji o tome stalno brinu, uključili su se brojni hrvatski stručnjaci, pa i neke udruge. Ali...

Pipistrellus nathusii Pipistrellus nathusii Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej
Iz brošure, Prirodoslovno matematički fakultet

Gdje su nestali šišmiši (lat. Chiroptera), zabrinjava mnoge građane, pa tako Vivian Grisogono MA(Oxon), predsjednicu Udruge "Eco Hvar", koja kaže '... Kad sam se vratila iz Engleske i 1988. počela obnavljati svoju kuću u Pitvama na otoku Hvaru, ljeti je u selu bilo šišmiša koliko hoćeš. Sjećam se kako je jedan u jesen 1993. mirno spavao u mojoj konobi, viseći onako naopako s jedne drvene grede. Mještani su mi rekli da je to velika sreća, baš kao da živimo u Kini. No, sada ih sve manje vidimo po hvarskim mjestima, u nekima skoro pa nikako. Velika je razlika od onoga što smo opažali prije oko 10 godina, kada su brojni šišmiši navečer neprestano letjeli i pravili gnijezda u zapuštenim kućama. Zapuštenih kuća još ima, ali šišmiša ne.'

Pipistrelli kuhlii kolonija. Foto: Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej

Uglavnom poznato je da su šišmiši s više od 1000 vrsta druga najveća skupina sisavaca na Zemlji, dok u Hrvatskoj obitavaju ukupno 33 vrste iz tri porodice (potkovnjaci, golorepci i mišoliki šišmiši). Kao i u drugim europskim zemljama u Hrvatskoj su šišmiši strogo zaštićeni: prema Zakonu o zaštiti prirode, za uznemiravanje, hvatanje, ozljeđivanje i ubijanje šišmiša, te uništavanje ili oštećivanje njihovih staništa zapriječena je novčana kazna od 25.000 do 200.000 kuna, te kazna od 1.000 do 4.000 kuna za svakog ubijenog šišmiša.

Dr. sc. Igor Pavlinić, kustos Hrvatskog prirodoslovnog muzeja u Zagrebu, se godinama bavi proučavanjem i zaštitom tih jedinih letećih sisavaca na svijetu. U svom radu je prezentirao kako kao skloništa, osim onih šumskih, šišmiši koriste uistinu najrazličitija mjesta od jama, špilja, napuštenih rudnika i pukotina u stijenama (najviše zimi za hibernaciju), sve do tavana kuća i crkava, dimnjaka, te pukotina u zidovima i mostovima, a to potvrđuje i nekoliko kolonija na otoku Hvaru. U zvoniku jelšanskog Svetišta BDM na Račiću godinama je bilo stanište Sredozemnog golorepca (lat. Tadarida teniotis). Nažalost, poslije dugotrajne obnove crkve, dakle, veće nazočnosti ljudi, i oni su nestali, nisu se vratili.

Crkva Gospe Zdravlja, Jelsa. Foto: Mirko Crnčević

Zašto su šišmiši važni?

Njihova brojnost je 'indeks zdravlja' određenog područja, no što se tijekom povijesti događalo sa šišmišima, jednom od najstarijih linija danas živućih skupina sisavaca, čiji je razvoj najvjerojatnije počeo još u doba kada su zemljom vladali dinosauri? Evolucija tog bića jedno je od najzanimljivijih pitanja evolucije sisavaca danas, a jedino oko čega se većina znanstvenika slaže je da je predak šišmiša bila neka vrsta noćnog, kukcojedog sisavca koji je živio na drveću. Najnovija molekularna istraživanja pokazala su da se kasnijim razvojem iz zajedničkog pretka razvila i nama bliska linija čovjekolikih majmuna, odnosno mi sami.

Rani večernjak, Nyctalus seritonus. Foto: Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej

Rani večernjak, Nyctalus noctula. Foto: Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej

▪ Koliko su šišmiši, ti 'noćnim vladari neba', korisni za naš ekosustav i kakve bi uštede mogli donijeti jednom Osijeku ili Neretvanskoj dolini, evo jedan pravi primjer: Mi sve više slušamo o bolestima koje prenose komaraci, a stručnjaci i proizvođači otrova bjesomučno traže način djelotvornije kontrole tih insekata. No, jedan mali šišmiš koji za lov i snalaženje u prostoru koristi visokofrekventne zvukove - eholokaciju može pojesti i do tisuću komaraca na sat, i što je najvažnije bez ikakvog onečišćenja okoliša. Zanimljivo, zar ne? - pita se Grisogono.

Kasni noćnjak, Eptesicus serotinus. Foto: Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej

Pesticidi, herbicidi, insekticidi!

Ova ekološka aktivistica koja doista puno ulaže u zaštitu prirode i životinja uvjerena je da je nestanak šišmiša, između ostalog, povezan s pesticidima, herbicidima i insekticidima, koji se na otoku koriste u velikim količinama, gotovo kroz cijelu godinu. Ona tumači da ljudi koji ih koriste uopće nisu svjesni njihove opasnosti, iako za to ima puno dokaza barem u znanstvenoj javnosti, a o kolateralnim štetama pojma nemaju. Informacije su uglavnom vrlo jednostrane i najčešće dolaze u obliku reklama sa strane proizvođača. Službena neovisna informacija nedostaje. Kad bi korisnici stvarno razumjeli kakve su posljedice korištenja tih otrova, zasigurno bi tražili prirodne alternative kojih ima puno, neke su stare, a neke nove.

Iz brošure, Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet, Zagreb.

Ljudi, spasimo šišmiše!

Šišmiši su se u Lijepoj Našoj koliko-toliko održali zahvaljujući odličnim predispozicijama za prilagodbu različitim životnim uvjetima. Pa iako je dug životni vijek njihova prednost (op. a. najstariji šišmiš ima više od 32 godine) ipak valja znati da se oni dosta sporo razmnožavaju, a i smrtnost mladih šišmiša je također izražena. Stoga, čovjek zaista mora dati svoj doprinos opstanku njihove populacije, potrebno je osvještavanje ljudskog odnosa prema okolišu, da ga se ne onečišćuje i ne uništava. Ljudi moraju kontinuirano stvarati dobre uvjete za skloništa gdje šišmiši mogu obitavati, razmnožavati se u miru i pomagati nam, bez trovanja. I djeca se mogu uključiti u taj koristan projekt, primjerice neka bilježe koliko šišmiša vide kroz ljeto i na kojim mjestima.

© Mirko Crnčević

Ovaj tekst je prije obavljen u časopisu 'Dobroj kobi', br. 184, siječanj 2017.

Nalazite se ovdje: Home Novosti iz prirode SOS za naše šišmiše!

Eco Environment News feeds

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    More than 1m cars too big to fit in parking spaces are being sold in the UK each year, and numbers are growing, research has found.

    A trend for cars bigger than the average urban parking space means new vehicles are outgrowing towns and cities.

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  • Authorities race to complete clean-up operation after devastation from gales and heaviest rainfall in 20 years

    People on the Aegean islands, more used in April to the sight and scent of spring’s blossoms, have been left reeling from flash floods spurred by typhoon-strength gales, with authorities calling a state of emergency in some of Greece’s most popular destinations less than three weeks before Easter.

    “It’s a total catastrophe and it happened in just two hours,” said Costas Bizas, the mayor of Paros, the island worst hit by weather not seen in decades. “We need all the help we can get.”

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  • Indore in Madhya Pradesh was once dotted with fetid waste dumps but after a huge campaign is now virtually spotless

    This is what happens usually in India: a politician wakes up and launches a cleanliness “drive” with fanfare. They ostentatiously start sweeping a street and speak solemnly about civic duty while the media take photos. The next day it’s over and things go back to how they were before.

    But not in Indore in Madhya Pradesh. From 2017, when it won the prize for being the cleanest city in the country, it kept winning for eight straight years, until last year.

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  • Badenoch, Cairngorms: As we pause above the river, a sudden flash catches our eyes – a red squirrelis rippling along the branches below

    It’s early morning and the sky is a billowing parachute of blue, bursting its seams with sunshine and the fluffiest white clouds. A cool wind blows up Loch Insh, roughening the water and bearing the scent of spring. From the island, a song thrush pours out all the trills, beeps and chirps of its bravura performance, oystercatchers pipe and a woodpecker hammers, the sound echoing around the hills.

    In the forest, the birch trees carry no hint of leaves but are shaggy with moss and lichen, their twigs falling in soft fronds, wine-coloured and beaded. The trunks are irregular, pitched at wild angles, curving and bent, sometimes two or three growing from the same base. In contrast, the pale aspens grow up as straight as telephone poles, sharpening to a point at the top. All their branches rise in upturned spikes, bare but for the tiny ink strokes of twigs. At the centre of the woods is a stand of oaks, vast and spreading, last year’s dry leaves still spilling across the moss and the crushed bracken.

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  • Application, submitted by Cranswick, would have created one of the largest industrial poultry and pig units in Europe

    A megafarm that would have reared almost 900,000 chickens and pigs at any one time has been blocked by councillors in Norfolk over climate change and environmental concerns.

    Councillors on King’s Lynn and West Norfolk borough council unanimously rejected an application to build what would have been one of the largest industrial poultry and pig units in Europe.

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  • Sanger Institute’s Tree of Life team say genomes offer invaluable insight into how species will fare under climate crisis

    “We are following the ‘invertebrate of the year’ series with bated breath,” began the email that arrived in the Guardian’s inbox last week.

    Mark Blaxter leads the Sanger Institute’s Tree of Life programme, a project that sequences species’ DNA to understand the diversity and origins of life on Earth. But far more importantly, Blaxter and his team are superfans of our invertebrate of the year competition and have offered to map the genome sequence of whoever wins this year.

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  • With air pollution causing a fifth of deaths in Nepal, growing EV use could add nearly three years to Kathmandu residents’ lives

    In a rundown hangar in the heart of Kathmandu, the remains of a dozen electric trolley buses stand abandoned and corroding. Caked in dust and bird-droppings and lined with rubbish, they are a reminder of a bold experiment, launched 50 years ago, to electrify the city’s public transport system. Down the side of one is written, “Keep me alive”.

    Today, that plea is being heard. More than 70% of four-wheeled passenger vehicles – largely cars and minibuses – imported into Nepal last year were electric, one of the highest rates in the world. The figure reflects a remarkable growth in the use of electric vehicles (EVs), which saw the country import more than 13,000 between July 2023 and 2024, up from about 250 in 2020-21.

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  • Its lab buildings have a rusticated air while its sleek, paper-thin louvre windows are reminiscent of a luxury ocean-liner. More importantly, the people of Arklow in Ireland can finally go swimming without fear of floaters

    It is not often that the arts section of a newspaper finds itself concerned with the aesthetic merits of a sewage works. But then there are few facilities designed with the finesse of the new €139m (£117m) wastewater treatment plant in Arklow, which stands like a pair of minty green pagodas on the edge of the Irish Sea. Nor are there many architectural firms who have thought so deeply about the poetics of effluent as Clancy Moore.

    “There’s a wonderful passage in Ulysses,” says practice co-founder, Andrew Clancy, summoning James Joyce as we tiptoe along a metal gantry above a gigantic vat of bubbling brown sludge. “The narrator turns on the tap to fill a kettle, sparking a lengthy rumination on where the water comes from, how it flows from reservoirs, through aqueducts and pipes, describing each step in minute detail, from the volume of the tanks to the dimensions and cost of the plumbing.”

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  • As LRIs put pressure on health services, a Spanish-led study examines what role exposure to air pollution may play

    The Covid crisis highlighted gaps in our understanding of the role that air pollution plays in infections.

    A flurry of studies carried out during and after the crisis allowed a UK government advisory group to conclude that long-term exposure to air pollution may contribute to worse coronavirus symptoms. The group offered examples that included a study of more than 3 million people in Denmark that showed air pollution added to the risk of death or hospital admission with severe Covid, especially in the least well off.

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  • Species-rich plot can produce cooling effect 4C greater than single-species plot

    Woodland with lots of different kinds of trees can do a good job of buffering heatwaves and extreme cold. Now a new study demonstrates that increasing the mix of species can help to mitigate climate extremes.

    Florian Schnabel, from the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research in Leipzig, and colleagues measured forest temperatures over a six-year period at the world’s largest tree diversity experiment in Xingangshan, in subtropical China. Their results, published in Ecology Letters, show that species-rich plots provided the greatest cooling effect during summer, with cooling more than 4C greater in an experimental plot with 24 species compared with a single-species plot. Diverse plots also maintained more warmth under the tree canopy on cold nights and during winter.

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Novosti: Cybermed.hr

Novosti: Biologija.com

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