Eco Hvar

Dezinsekcija: došlo je vrijeme za promjenu

Nakon više godina promatranja, Udruga Eco Hvar je zaključila da je program suzbijanja komaraca, kako se provodi na Hvaru i u drugim djelovima Hrvatske, nepotreban, uzaludan i rizičan.

Dezinsekcija: došlo je vrijeme za promjenu

DEZINSEKCIJA NA HVARU 2017.god.

Iz Općine Jelsa: "Program dezinsekcije kao mjere zaštite pučanstva od zaraznih bolesti provodi se kako bi se suzbila ličinka komaraca te uklonili uvjeti za razvoj i razmnožavanje, a time smanjila šteta za okoliš i zdravlje ljudi." (e-mail, 11.08.2017.)

ZAŠTO SMO ZABRINUTI

Zarazne bolesti od komaraca kao što su Denga i Zapadnonilska groznica se vrlo rijetko pojave u Hrvatskoj1,2,3,4,. Međutim akcije zamagljivanja protiv komaraca su provođene u tri navrata kroz turističku sezonu, i to na neodgovoran način.

Najme:

i) za zamagljivanje se prskaju opasni otrovi po cijelom okolisu;

ii) moguće opasne nuspojave tih otrova nisu objavljena, čak su zanemarena;

iii) nije korišten bilo koji ekološki prihvatljiv način za suzbijanje štetnike;

iv) edukacija u vezi kontrole štetnike nije provedena;

v) upozorenja o akcijama nisu adekvatna;

vi) rute vozila sa termozamagljivanjem nisu objavljene;

vii) usprkos redovnog zamagljivanja, ima svake godine sve više komaraca, jer stvara se otpornost komaraca na korišćena sredstva5,6,7; izgleda da nitko na lokalnoj ni na državnoj razini ne vodi računa o efikasnosti i mogućim štetnim efektima tog prskanja

viii) na lokalnoj razini, nije jasno da li je program dezinsekcije pod strogim nadzorom, kako bi trebao biti;

DETALJNIJE O OTROVIMA (Za vidjeti više detalja o otrovima korištenim na Hvaru, uz njihove moguće nuspojave, kliknite ovdje)

2012., godine dezinsekcija na Hvaru obavljena je koristeći dva insekticida, permetrin i cipermetrin u kombinaciji (2 piretroida); 2014., u Općini Jelsa je korišten Permex 22E (aktivne tvari Permetrin i Tetrametrin uz sinergist Piperonil butosid); 2015, Microfly (Cipermetrin), i Twenty-one (Azametipos = organofosfat) su korišteni protiv muha; Permex 22E je korišten za zamagljivanje protiv komaraca; a 2017., za zamagljivanje su korišteni oko Grada Hvara, Starog Grada i Jelse: Cipex (Cipermetrin), i Permex 22E (Permetrin, Tetrametrin uz Piperonil butoksid); Microfly (Cipermetrin) i Muhomor (Azametipos) su korišteni protiv muha.

Piretroidi8 su opasni otrovi 9,10,11. Svaki od spomenutih insekticida je opasan sam po sebi, ne samo za insekte nego i za druga živa bića.

SREDSTVA KOJA SU KORIŠTENA U OPČINI JELSA 2017.god.

Akcije zamagljivanja u Općini Jelsa u 2017. su obavljene u srpnju, kolovozu i rujnu 2017.god.

Permex 22E- aktivne tvari Permetrin u kombinaciji sa Tetrametrinom, dakle dva piretroida. Permetrin18,19 dolazi u mnogim oblicima, od kojih su neki otrovniji od drugih. Visoko je toksičan za pčele, organizme iz mora, ribe20 i druge životinje iz divljine21. Također je otrovan za mačke22. Mogući utjecaji na ljude se smatraju manje dramatičnima od onih Cipermetrina, ali može utjecati na neurološki sustav23,24, te imunološkii i endokrini sustav. Može osobito loše djelovati na djecu, i Američka Environmental Protection Agency 2006.god. je ga procjenjila potencijalno kancerogenim25. S obzirom na štetan utjecaj na život u vodi, piretroidi se ne bi trebali koristiti blizu vodenih izvora. Permetrin se ne bi trebalo primjenjivati ondje gdje životinje tragaju za hranom.

EPA-in registracijski dokument za Tetrametrin (2010.)26 klasificirao je otrov kao potencijalno kancerogenim za ljude te ga je identificirao kao visoko toksičnim za pčele i vodene organizme, uključujući ribe i beskralješnjake. Može uzrokovati mantanje, teškoće s disanjem, kašalj, iritaciju oka, gastrointestinalne tegobe, mjehuriće i osip na koži. Dokument navodi: „Tetrametrin koriste vlasnici kuća individualno ili vlasnici industrijskog/komercijalnog postrojenja na pojedinačnim, izoliranim površinama i u malim količinama, a ne u širokoj uporabi (tj. u poljoprivredi ili pri smanjenu populacije komaraca od strane javne uprave27. Zbog ovog razloga nije testiran utjecaj Tetrametrina na pitku vodu. Tetrametrin se ne bi trebao koristiti na ili blizu namirnica27.

Sredstva korištena protiv muha u Općini Jelsa u 2017. godini:

Cipex - aktivna tvar Cipermetrin12 (piretroid). Cipermetrin je vrlo otrovan za mačke13, pčele, vodene insekte i ribe, a manje za ptice. Kod ljudi, trovanje cipermetrinom može uzrokovati utrnuće, žarenje, gubitak kontrole nad mjehurom, povraćanje, gubitak koordinacije, komu, iznenadne napadaje i (rijetko) smrt14,15,16. U Sjedninjenim Državama također se klasificira kao mogući uzrok raka17.

Microfly - aktivna tvar Cipermetrin.

Muhomor - aktivna tvar Azametipos28, koja nije na popisu dozvoljenih insekticida u Europskoj Uniji29,30. Upute navode da mora biti apliciran na ciljene površine, a ne prskan u zraku. Muhomor AZ, koji je korišten na Hvaru 2017.god., je insekticid topiv u vodi, namijenjen za suzbijanje muha u štalama za stoku, kao što su goveda, konji, svinje, telad, te perad (kokoši), i se koristi uglavnom u zatvorenim prostorijama31.

Moguće posljedice i rizici takve kombinacije otrova u okolišu su potpuno nepoznati.

DEZINSEKCIJA U GRADU HVARU 2017.god.

Po Programu mjera obvezatne preventivne dezinfekcije, dezinsekcije i deratizacije na području Grada Hvara u 2017. godini, insekticidi koji se koriste za ULV zamagljivanje (hladni i topli postupak) su piretroidi: Cipermetrin, Deltametrin32, D-Fenotrin33, Permetrin i Resmetrin34 (tablica 2, str.9). Od 5 otrova, 3 nisu više na popisu registirarnih insekticida Europske Unije.

Fenotrin je posebno toksičan za mačke35, za pčele36 i za vodene organizme37.

Resmetrin je posebno toksičan za ribe, i pčele, te opasan za ljude38. Od 2015.godine nije više na prodaji u SAD-u39.

PČELE. Svi spomenuti otrovi su toksični za pčele. Već 1998.godine Permetrin, d-Fenotrin i Resmetrin su bili na popisu insekticida koji su posebno toksični za pčele, i neko vrijeme poslije aplikacije40.

DETALJNIJE O UPOZORENJIMA I OBAVIJESTIMA. Govorimo ovdje o vrlo opasnim sredstvima, a upozorenja su minimalna: u Općini Jelsa obavijest je u obliku pisma sa strane firme koja provodi zamaglivanje. To pismo se stavlja na općinskim oglasnim pločama. Stari Grad objavi termin akcija na službenom portalu. Ništa po javnim medijama, ništa preko Turističkih zajednica. Pčelari nisu posebno obavješteni, iako mogu biti teško ugroženi. A obavijesti nisu na niti jednom stranom jeziku, iako su te akcije u špici sezone.

Mještani i gosti imaju pravo biti informirani u potpunosti o programu i terminima akcija. Potrebna je javna objava: popis sredstava s kojima se provodi dezinsekcija; detaljnja ruta gdje će se provoditi; način provođenja dezinsekcije; te točni termini provođenja dezinsekcije.

Lokalne vlasti koje naručuju akcije dezinsekcije su dužne obavijestiti građane i gosti preko svih mogućih kanala, i to u svim odgovarajućim jezicima.

ZAKLJUČCI.

Dezinsekcija u obliku zamagljivanja kako se provodi na Hvaru već niz godina je potencijalno opasna za ljudsko zdravlje, te za životinje, ptice, neciljane insekte i okoliš.

Ta dezinsekcija nikako ne postiže svoj cilj.

Način provođenja programa nije transparentan, te nije prihvatljiv.

MI PREPORUĆUJEMO:

s obzirom da rizici zaraznih bolesti su vrlo mali u Hrvatskoj, a rizici prskanja javnih površina otrovima su puno veći, da se hitno zaustavi program ljetne dezinsekcije otrovima na način kao do sada, i istraži bolje metode za suzbijanje neželjenih insekata, kao što je u Pravilniku o načinu obvezatne DDD i predviđeno.

Napomena: Za više detalja o pesticidima korištenim na Hvaru i u Hrvatskoj, vidjeti: Pesticidni proizvodi u Hrvatskoj, Pesticidi, njihove moguće nuspojave i status odobrenja, i Pesticidi, zakoni i dozvole.
 
© Vivian Grisogono MA(Oxon), 2017,, ažuriran 2021.
Prijevod: Ivana Župan

IZVORI

1. Gjenero-Margan, I., Aleraj, B., Krajcar, D., Lesnikar, V., Klobučar, A., Pem-Novosel, I., Kurečić-Filipović, S., Komparak, S., Martić, R., Đuričić, S., Betica-Radić, L., Okmadžić, J., Vilibić-Čavlek, T., Babić-Erceg, A., Turković, B., Avšić-Županc, T., Radić, I., Ljubić, M., Šarac, K., Benić, N., Mlinarić-Galinović, G. 2011. Autochthonous dengue fever in Croatia, August–September 2010. Eurosurveillance, 16 (9).

2. Pem-Novosel, I., Vilibic-Cavlek, T., Gjenero-Margan, I., Kaic, B., Babic-Erceg, A., Merdic, E., Medic, A., Ljubic, M., Pahor, D., Erceg, M. 2015. Dengue virus infection in Croatia: seroprevalence and entomological study. New Microbiologica, 38, 97-100.

3. Barbić L, Listeš E, Katić S, Stevanović V, Madić J, Starešina V, Labrović A, Di Gennaro A, Savini G. 2012. Spreading of West Nile virus infection in Croatia. Veterinary Microbiology. 159(3-4):504-8.

4. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (Provides regular updates on the spread of communicable diseases in Europe)

5. Weill, M., Lutfalla, G., Mogensen, K., Chandre, F., Berthomieu, A., Berticat, C., Pasteur, N., Philips, A., Fort, P., Raymond, M. 2003. Comparative genomics: Insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors. Nature 423: 136-137 (8 May 2003)

6. Owusu, H. F. Jančáryová, D., Malone, D., Müller, P.. 2015. Comparability between insecticide resistance bioassays for mosquito vectors: time to review current methodology? Parasites and Vectors 8: 357

7. Aguirre-Obando, O. A., Pietrobon, A. J.. DallaBona, A. C., Navarro-Silva, M. A. 2015. Contrasting patterns of insecticide resistance and knockdown resistance (kdr) in Aedes aegypti populations from Jacarezinho (Brazil) after a Dengue Outbreak. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 60:1 94-100 (January–March 2016)

8. EPA Information Sheet. 2016. Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids. (information on the use of pyrethrins and pyrethroids as insecticides, the current reevaluation of this group of pesticides in registration review, and previous assessments, decisions, and risk mitigation efforts.)

9. Beyond Pesticides. 2001. chemicalWATCH factsheet: Synthetic Pyrethroids.

10. Walters, J.K., Boswell, L.E., Green, M.K., Heumann, M.A., Karam, L.E., Morrissey, B.F., Waltz, J.E. 2009. Pyrethrin and Pyrethroid Illnesses in the Pacific Northwest: A Five-Year Review. Public Health Reports 124 (1): 149-159

11. Ingram E.M., Augustin, J., Ellis, M.D., Siegfried, B.D. 2015. Evaluating sub-lethal effects of orchard-applied pyrethroids using video-tracking software to quantify honey bee behaviors. Chemosphere 135: 272-277

12. TOXNET Toxicology Data Network (U.S.National Library of Medicine). Cypermethrin.

13. PARASITIPEDIA.net. updated 2017. CYPERMETHRIN, safety summary for veterinary use.

14. Cornell University, (Extoxnet). 1993. Pesticide Information profile: Cypermethrin.

15. PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2005. Cypermethrin.

16. Aggarwal, P., Jamshed, N., Ekka, M., Imran A. 2015. Suicidal poisoning with cypermethrin: A clinical dilemma in the emergency department. Journal of Emergencies, Trauma and Shock. 8:2 123-125.

17. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs. 2016. Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Annual Cancer Report.

18. World Health Organization. 2006. "International Program on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria 92: Permethrin."

19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. "TRI Explorer: Providing Access to EPA's Toxic Release Inventory Data."

20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 2009. Permethrin Facts.

21. Hoffmann, M., Meléndez, J.L., Ruhman, M.A., 2008. Risks of Permethrin Use to the Federally Threatened California Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora draytonii) and Bay Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas editha bayensis), and the Federally Endangered California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus), Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris), and San Francisco Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia). Environmental Fate and Effects Division Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C. 20460

22. International Cat Care. Permethrin Poisoning in Cats.

23. U.S. Centers for Disease Control (ATSDR). 2003. "Toxicological Profile for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids."

24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Permethrin."

25. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. Permethrin & Resmethrin (Pyrethroids), Toxicity and Exposure Assessment for Children's Health. TEACH Chemical summary.

26. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008, revised 2010. Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document for Tetramethrin.

27. Thoreby, E. (author), Williams, M.M. (editor), Lah, K. (updater) 2011. Tetramethrin. Toxipedia.

28. Scottish Environment Protection Agency. Azamethiphos. Scottish Pollutant Release Directory.

29. University of Hertfordshire. Azamethiphos. Veterinary Substances Database.

30. Pesticides Action Network (PAN) Europe. 2006. What substances are banned and authorized in the EU market?

31. Muhomor. 2017.  Muhomot je insekticid topiv u vodi. Djelatna tvar: Azametifos u koncentraciji 10%. Genera, Jedna komapnija za Jedno zdravlje.

32. PubChem, Open Chemistry Database. 2017. Deltamethrin.

33. PubChem, Open chemistry Database. 2017. D-Phenothrin.

34. US EPA Archive Document. 2007. Permethrin and Resmethrin (Pyrethroids). TEACH Chemical Summary.

35. Parasitipedia. 2017. Phenothrin: safety summary for veterinary use.

36. US EPA. 2008. Reregistration Eligibility Decision for d-Phenothrin.

37. WHO/FAO 1994. d-Phenothrin. WHO/FAO Data Sheet on Pesticides no.85.

38. PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2017. Resmethrin.

39. US EPA. 2011. Permethrin, Resmethrin, d-Phenothrin (Sumithrin®): Synthetic Pyrethroids for Mosquito Control.

40. Alabama A&M and Auburn Universities. 1998. Protecting honey bees from pesticides.

na vrh članka
Nalazite se ovdje: Home opasni otrovi Dezinsekcija: došlo je vrijeme za promjenu

Eco Environment News feeds

  • As the UK prepares its next carbon budget, what needs to be included?

    Expert recommendations will influence plans for energy, housing, transport industry and farming for decades

    Labour will next week be confronted with stark policy choices that threaten to expose the fault lines between the Treasury and the government’s green ambitions, as advice for the UK’s next carbon budget is published.

    Plans for the energy sector, housing, transport, industry and farming will all be called into question in a sweeping set of recommendations for how the UK can meet the legally binding target of net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.

    Continue reading...

  • These people protected US forests and lands. Their jobs have now vanished due to Trump

    Former federal employees devastated by president’s mass firings: ‘We’re at risk of losing our public lands to the billionaire agenda’

    Approximately 2,300 people have been terminated from the agencies that manage the 35m acres (14m hectares) of federal public lands in the US.

    These are our lands. They encompass national parks and forests, wilderness and marine protected areas, scenic rivers. They are home to campgrounds, river accesses, hiking trails and myriad other sites and facilities that more than 500 million people visit each year.

    Continue reading...

  • Young country diary: A sky full of geese is an awe-inspiring sight

    North Norfolk: Every morning, an endless flow of pink-footed geese passes overhead. Their comings and goings define the day

    The first thing you hear is a raucous cacophony in the distance, ebbing and flowing. Then the first small specks appear, and soon the sky is filled with a seemingly never-ending flow of geese.

    These are pink-footed geese, who migrate to north Norfolk at the start of winter along with hundreds of thousands of other geese. They come here to escape the harsh winters of Siberia, Iceland and Greenland, where they breed. Norfolk has an abundance of food compared to the Arctic: leaves, berries, seeds and crop remains.

    Continue reading...

  • Waves are getting bigger. Is the world ready?

    Southern Ocean waves are growing larger and faster, threatening coastlines. But some scientists think they could help turn the tide in the climate crisis

    In his remarkable memoir of his life chasing breaks in far-flung corners of the globe, Barbarian Days, the writer William Finnegan describes the “spooky duality” of waves, the way that, “when you are absorbed in surfing they seem alive. They each have personalities, distinct and intricate, and quickly changing moods, to which you must react in the most intuitive, almost intimate way – too many people have likened riding waves to making love. And yet waves are of course not alive, not sentient, and the lover you reach to embrace may turn murderous without warning.”

    This idea of duality is difficult to avoid when thinking about waves. In them we see energy and matter collapse into each other, find fluidity with structure and form, and the eternal in the transient, apprehend both beauty and symmetry and violence and terror. Likewise, the physics of waves are simultaneously very simple and impossibly complex, the non-linear nature of fluid dynamics meaning they can remain relatively regular or combine without warning into rogue waves capable of sweeping people off rocks and sinking ships.

    Continue reading...

  • Brazilian city in Amazon declares emergency after huge sinkholes appear

    In Buriticupu, about 1,200 people risk losing their homes, and residents have seen the problem escalate in 30 years

    Authorities in a city in the Brazilian Amazonhave declared a state of emergency after huge sinkholes opened up, threatening hundreds of homes.

    Several buildings in Buriticupu, in Maranhão state, have already been destroyed, and about 1,200 people of a population of 55,000 risk losing their homes into a widening abyss.

    Continue reading...

  • Outcry as Trump withdraws support for research that mentions ‘climate’

    US government stripping funds from domestic and overseas research amid warnings for health and public safety

    The Trump administration is stripping away support for scientific research in the US and overseas that contains a word it finds particularly inconvenient: “climate.”

    The US government is withdrawing grants and other support for research that even references the climate crisis, academics have said, amid Donald Trump’s blitzkrieg upon environmental regulations and clean-energy development.

    Continue reading...

  • Weather tracker: Winds batter South Africa as Storm Coral blasts parts of Med

    In Europe and large parts of the US it has been a week of plunging temperatures and heavy snow

    Severe weather hit South Africa this week, with intense thunderstorms, flooding and reported tornadoes. The South African weather service issued warnings for provinces across central and eastern parts of the country, covering the risk of torrential downpours, strong winds, hail and lightning.

    One tornado, in Pretoria North on Tuesday, damaged hundreds of homes, vehicles and buildings and uprooted trees. By the end of the week, areas in eastern South Africa may record cumulative rainfall of about 100-150mm.

    Continue reading...

  • ‘To say there’s no future is counterproductive’: metal megastars Architects on grief, climate and hope for humanity

    Consumed by anger and still mourning a brother and bandmate, the British quartet have written their masterpiece. They explain how they’re fighting self-loathing and trying to age responsibly

    In a world of low royalties and short attention spans, not many bands make it to 11 albums, much less have their 11th be their masterpiece. But over the course of 20 years, the metalquartet Architects have inched towards this milestone. The Sky, the Earth & All Between sets out its scale in its title, where gigantic pop choruses soar over hellish chasms of churning noise, resulting in the most consistently sublime British rock album of this decade. The band are now at their arena-filling, Metallica-supporting peak, adored by millions.

    “But it means nothing,” says frontman, Sam Carter. “Because you don’t believe it. If you can’t access that part of you that lets it in, then it’s pointless.” Drummer and lyricist, Dan Searle, is equally downcast. “I punish myself, I loathe myself,” he says evenly, blinking behind his glasses. “I feel like I’m shit at everything.” Across two decades, the band have been buffeted by poor mental health, creative differences and an instance of particularly traumatic grief. While the pair are quick to joke during our long conversation in a London photo studio, and are clearly ravenously ambitious, I have never met a rock band as candid about their frailties.

    Continue reading...

  • The EPA weighed two LA beachfront sites for toxic waste sorting. These ‘hippies and hicks’ revolted

    Residents in Topanga Canyon – an area of Indigenous heritage and artists – mobilized against the state’s decision to bring in hazardous materials after wildfires

    Twenty years ago, it was called Rodeo Grounds – an eclectic neighborhood of artists, musicians and surfers living in beach shacks where Topanga Canyon meets the Pacific Ocean. In a bizarre agreement with the former owner some paid as little as $100 a month for rent, raising multiple generations of their families here since the 1950s. But that was before the state purchased the property and started evicting residents in 2001. Julie Howell, who once owned Howell-Green Fine Art Gallery further up in the canyon, says the bohemians were kicked out.

    “I actually had a show in my gallery 20 years ago for the group of artists who lived there at Rodeo Grounds, who they kicked out of that spot because it was so environmentally sensitive,” says Howell.

    Continue reading...

  • ‘If not fire, we’ll be killed by hunger’: villagers continue to feel fallout from Bolivia’s worst wildfires

    Residents battle food shortages and health issues after vast areas of forest and farmland burned last year

    As she walks away from the house where she raised her family, Isabel Surubí pauses to point at the bed of a stream, now covered with dry leaves, that once supplied her entire community. “The water used to come from here,” she says.

    In 2024, wildfires in Bolivia burned more than 10m hectares (about 39,000 sq miles) of forest, farmland and savannah – an area greater than the size of Portugal. After the fires, and the drought that preceded them, the spring feeding Surubí’s village of Los Ángeles in Bolivia’s tropical dry forest ran dry.

    Continue reading...

Novosti: Cybermed.hr

Novosti: Biologija.com

Izvor nije pronađen
Copyright © 2025 Eco Hvar. Sva prava zadržana. Developed by Orion Informatika.