SOS za naše šišmiše!

UNEP/EUROBATS - Sporazum o zaštiti europskih populacija šišmiša je 2011-2012. proglasio Međunarodnom godinom šišmiša u kampanju zaštite 'noćnih vladara neba', osim Ministarstva zaštite prirode (sada Ministarstvo zaštite okolša i energetike) i Državnog zavoda za zaštitu prirode koji o tome stalno brinu, uključili su se brojni hrvatski stručnjaci, pa i neke udruge. Ali...

Pipistrellus nathusii Pipistrellus nathusii Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej
Iz brošure, Prirodoslovno matematički fakultet

Gdje su nestali šišmiši (lat. Chiroptera), zabrinjava mnoge građane, pa tako Vivian Grisogono MA(Oxon), predsjednicu Udruge "Eco Hvar", koja kaže '... Kad sam se vratila iz Engleske i 1988. počela obnavljati svoju kuću u Pitvama na otoku Hvaru, ljeti je u selu bilo šišmiša koliko hoćeš. Sjećam se kako je jedan u jesen 1993. mirno spavao u mojoj konobi, viseći onako naopako s jedne drvene grede. Mještani su mi rekli da je to velika sreća, baš kao da živimo u Kini. No, sada ih sve manje vidimo po hvarskim mjestima, u nekima skoro pa nikako. Velika je razlika od onoga što smo opažali prije oko 10 godina, kada su brojni šišmiši navečer neprestano letjeli i pravili gnijezda u zapuštenim kućama. Zapuštenih kuća još ima, ali šišmiša ne.'

Pipistrelli kuhlii kolonija. Foto: Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej

Uglavnom poznato je da su šišmiši s više od 1000 vrsta druga najveća skupina sisavaca na Zemlji, dok u Hrvatskoj obitavaju ukupno 33 vrste iz tri porodice (potkovnjaci, golorepci i mišoliki šišmiši). Kao i u drugim europskim zemljama u Hrvatskoj su šišmiši strogo zaštićeni: prema Zakonu o zaštiti prirode, za uznemiravanje, hvatanje, ozljeđivanje i ubijanje šišmiša, te uništavanje ili oštećivanje njihovih staništa zapriječena je novčana kazna od 25.000 do 200.000 kuna, te kazna od 1.000 do 4.000 kuna za svakog ubijenog šišmiša.

Dr. sc. Igor Pavlinić, kustos Hrvatskog prirodoslovnog muzeja u Zagrebu, se godinama bavi proučavanjem i zaštitom tih jedinih letećih sisavaca na svijetu. U svom radu je prezentirao kako kao skloništa, osim onih šumskih, šišmiši koriste uistinu najrazličitija mjesta od jama, špilja, napuštenih rudnika i pukotina u stijenama (najviše zimi za hibernaciju), sve do tavana kuća i crkava, dimnjaka, te pukotina u zidovima i mostovima, a to potvrđuje i nekoliko kolonija na otoku Hvaru. U zvoniku jelšanskog Svetišta BDM na Račiću godinama je bilo stanište Sredozemnog golorepca (lat. Tadarida teniotis). Nažalost, poslije dugotrajne obnove crkve, dakle, veće nazočnosti ljudi, i oni su nestali, nisu se vratili.

Crkva Gospe Zdravlja, Jelsa. Foto: Mirko Crnčević

Zašto su šišmiši važni?

Njihova brojnost je 'indeks zdravlja' određenog područja, no što se tijekom povijesti događalo sa šišmišima, jednom od najstarijih linija danas živućih skupina sisavaca, čiji je razvoj najvjerojatnije počeo još u doba kada su zemljom vladali dinosauri? Evolucija tog bića jedno je od najzanimljivijih pitanja evolucije sisavaca danas, a jedino oko čega se većina znanstvenika slaže je da je predak šišmiša bila neka vrsta noćnog, kukcojedog sisavca koji je živio na drveću. Najnovija molekularna istraživanja pokazala su da se kasnijim razvojem iz zajedničkog pretka razvila i nama bliska linija čovjekolikih majmuna, odnosno mi sami.

Rani večernjak, Nyctalus seritonus. Foto: Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej

Rani večernjak, Nyctalus noctula. Foto: Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej

▪ Koliko su šišmiši, ti 'noćnim vladari neba', korisni za naš ekosustav i kakve bi uštede mogli donijeti jednom Osijeku ili Neretvanskoj dolini, evo jedan pravi primjer: Mi sve više slušamo o bolestima koje prenose komaraci, a stručnjaci i proizvođači otrova bjesomučno traže način djelotvornije kontrole tih insekata. No, jedan mali šišmiš koji za lov i snalaženje u prostoru koristi visokofrekventne zvukove - eholokaciju može pojesti i do tisuću komaraca na sat, i što je najvažnije bez ikakvog onečišćenja okoliša. Zanimljivo, zar ne? - pita se Grisogono.

Kasni noćnjak, Eptesicus serotinus. Foto: Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej

Pesticidi, herbicidi, insekticidi!

Ova ekološka aktivistica koja doista puno ulaže u zaštitu prirode i životinja uvjerena je da je nestanak šišmiša, između ostalog, povezan s pesticidima, herbicidima i insekticidima, koji se na otoku koriste u velikim količinama, gotovo kroz cijelu godinu. Ona tumači da ljudi koji ih koriste uopće nisu svjesni njihove opasnosti, iako za to ima puno dokaza barem u znanstvenoj javnosti, a o kolateralnim štetama pojma nemaju. Informacije su uglavnom vrlo jednostrane i najčešće dolaze u obliku reklama sa strane proizvođača. Službena neovisna informacija nedostaje. Kad bi korisnici stvarno razumjeli kakve su posljedice korištenja tih otrova, zasigurno bi tražili prirodne alternative kojih ima puno, neke su stare, a neke nove.

Iz brošure, Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet, Zagreb.

Ljudi, spasimo šišmiše!

Šišmiši su se u Lijepoj Našoj koliko-toliko održali zahvaljujući odličnim predispozicijama za prilagodbu različitim životnim uvjetima. Pa iako je dug životni vijek njihova prednost (op. a. najstariji šišmiš ima više od 32 godine) ipak valja znati da se oni dosta sporo razmnožavaju, a i smrtnost mladih šišmiša je također izražena. Stoga, čovjek zaista mora dati svoj doprinos opstanku njihove populacije, potrebno je osvještavanje ljudskog odnosa prema okolišu, da ga se ne onečišćuje i ne uništava. Ljudi moraju kontinuirano stvarati dobre uvjete za skloništa gdje šišmiši mogu obitavati, razmnožavati se u miru i pomagati nam, bez trovanja. I djeca se mogu uključiti u taj koristan projekt, primjerice neka bilježe koliko šišmiša vide kroz ljeto i na kojim mjestima.

© Mirko Crnčević

Ovaj tekst je prije obavljen u časopisu 'Dobroj kobi', br. 184, siječanj 2017.

Nalazite se ovdje: Home Okoliš Novosti iz prirode SOS za naše šišmiše!

Eco Environment News feeds

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    Ølberg is a vet working with the Norwegian Polar Institute, the body responsible for the monitoring of polar bears in Svalbard, an archipelago that lies between mainland Norway and the north pole. Every year he and his colleagues track the bears by helicopter, collect blood, fat and hair samples from them and fit electronic tracking collars.

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Novosti: Cybermed.hr

Novosti: Biologija.com

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