Pesticidi: Odobreni UNESCO-m?

Hvar se s pravom ponosi svojom baštinom, koju prepoznaje i UNESCO, ali brine li se o njoj i čuva je se na pravi način?

Herbicidi u starogradskom polju, ožujak 2016. Herbicidi u starogradskom polju, ožujak 2016. Vivian Grisogono

Hvar je na UNESCO-voj listi zapisan čak nekoliko puta, uključujući Procesiju na Veliki Četvrtak “Za Križen” (Reprezentativna Lista Nematerijalne Kulturne Baštine Čovječanstva), kao i tradiciju izrade čipke od AgaveMediteranske Prehrane, plus Starogradsko Polje (lat. Ager, grčki Hora), koje se nalazi na listi svjetske baštine. Ulažu se veliki napori za očuvanje kulturnog integriteta ovih cijenjenih povijesnih dobara. Ipak, postoje određene prepreke, koje još nisu u potpunosti prepoznate, i koje bi mogle potkopati značaj Starogradskog Polja i Mediteranske Prehrane.

Sagrađeno za obiteljsku uporabu i skladištenje alata

U tijeku je rasprava o zgradama sagrađenim u Starogradskom Polju. Uglavnom, radi se o modernim skloništima za ljude, koji rade u poljima i za njihov alat. Mnoge su sagrađene u kamenu, u skladu s okolnim krajolikom. Postoje i neke jako lijepo obnovljene kamene kučice, koje datiraju unatrag nekoliko desetljeća, čak stoljeća. Ima i nekoliko jednostavnih koliba, primjerenih njihovoj praktičnoj svrsi, iako nisu baš osobito atraktivne. Postoje i zgrade za eko-turizam, obično lijepo napravljene male kamene kučice namijenjene kao zaklon od sunca, gdje posjetitelji mogu uživati u dalmatinskoj kuhinji (kao dio mediteranske prehrane) u finom prirodnom okruženju. Postoji vrlo mali broj ambicioznih stvarnih kuća, obično jako fine kamene konstrukcije, zamišljene kao vikendice i kuće za odmor za njihove vlasnike, i povremeno namijenjene kao objekte ruralnog turizma za goste, koji žele biti okruženi prirodom. Sve zgrade su, naravno ovisne o bunaru i kišnici za opskrbu vodom.

Dio državnih institucija, osobito onih, koje se nalaze u Zagrebu smatra, da bi sve ove zgrade u Starogardskom Polju trebalo srušiti. Lokalno stanovništvo i vlasti pretežno smatraju, da bi zgradama, ili velikoj većini zgrada trebalo biti dozvoljeno da ostanu u Starogradskom Polju. Uostalom, neke od njih su bile sagrađene u vrijeme kada je njihova gradnja odobrena od strane lokalnih vlasti, čak i ako to nije bilo potvrđeno pismeno. Logično, zgrade u Starogradskom Polju su postojale i za vrijeme Grka i kasnije Rimljana. Životinje i ljudi su trebali sklonište od vremenskih neprilika, bila ona jako sunce, ili oštar vjetar i kiša. Tu je i problem sa devastacijom okoliša, do koje bi došlo kroz rušenje svih ovih zgrada. Iako su većinom zgrade malih dimenzija, ukupna količina otpada od rušenja bi bila od značajnog utjecaja.

Pravi Problem

Dok traje rasprava o zgradama u Starogradskom Polju, vrlo malo pažnje se posvećuje mnogo većem problemu: devastaciji okoliša kroz nemilosrdnu upotrebu kemijskih pesticide.

Herbicidi u vinogradu u Starogradskom polju, slikano u siječnju. Foto: Vivian Grisogono

UNESCO-v opis Starogradskog polja navodi: “Starogradsko polje na jadranskom otoku Hvaru je kulturni krajolik, koji je ostao praktički netaknut otkako su ga kolonizirali jonski Grci s Parosa u 4. stoljeću prije Krista. Izvorna poljoprivredna aktivnost ove plodne ravnice, pretežno fokusirana na vinovu lozu i masline, se zadržala od grčkih vremena do danas. Ovo mjesto je također prirodni rezervat“. Za Mediteransku Prehranu, opis pokriva širok raspon: „Mediteranska prehrana uključuje skup vještina, znanja, rituala, simbola i običaja u vezi usjeva, žetve, ribolova, stočarstva, očuvanja, obradu, kuhanja a posebice razmjene i konzumacije hrane.”

Herbicidi pored maslina u Starogradskom polju, travanj 2015. Foto: Vivian Grisogono

Herbicidi i insekticidi su redovito korišteni mnogim poljoprivrednicima na Starogradskom Polju, obično dva puta godišnje a ponekad i češće. Postoji tragičan nedostatak svijesti o posljedicama: pesticidi ne djeluju onako kako ljudi misle da djeluju, a ujedno mogu uzrokovati veliku štetu na mnogo različitih načina. Postoji masa poražavajućih dokaza o štetnosti povezanih sa korištenjem herbicida na bazi glifosata, ali zadrti korisnici to odlučno ignoriraju. Mnogi misle, da je uporaba pesticide 'normalna', čak i 'neophodna'. Posljedice herbicida postaju svake godine sve više vidljivi. Čak se pojavljuju u promotivnim materijalima, vjerojatno nenamjerno.

Brošura, koja pokazuje rašireno korištenje herbicida na poljima u blizini Staroga Grada

Divlje zelje i šparoge, svježe ubrane sa sela su osnova tradicionalne Hvarske verzije Mediteranske Prehrane. U današnje vrijeme morate biti oprezni gdje idete u berbu kako se ne bi otrovali ostacima kemijskih herbicida. Masline i maslinovo ulje su također osnove Mediteranske Prehrane. No, i oni gube svoje zdravstvene beneficije ako su zagađene kemijskim herbicidima i insekticidima.

Herbicidi oko loza: otrov prodire i ostaje! Foto: Vivian Grisogono

U video snimci u nastavku može se na pojedinim dijelovima vidjeti zemlja kontaminirana herbicidima, posebno na putu između vinograda, koji je prikazan u 2. minuti i 42. sekundi. Takvo uništavanje tla i okoliša je ekološka katastrofa. Suprotno uobičajenim vjerovanjima, herbicidi se šire kroz zrak kada su prskani, kroz tlo i kroz podzemne vode, od kojih je ih puno njih na Hvaru. Također, herbicidi ostaju u tlu i prodiru u sve biljke, s kojima su u kontaktu. Zato je glifosat, trenutno najkorišteniji sastojak herbicida na ovom planetu moguće pronaći u životinjskom i ljudskom prehrambenom lancu.

Kemijskim pesticidima nema mjesta u Hvarskim tradicionalnim i povijesnim dobrima. Raširena upotreba kemijskih pesticida u Starogradskom Polju (kao i na cijelom otoku Hvaru), sigurno potkopava temelj za uvrštavanje na UNESCO-vu listu. To vrijedi i za hvarsko uključivanje u Mediteransku Prehranu. Prava baština otoka leži u organskoj poljoprivredi. To je to, što ljudi očekuju, kada dođu na mjesto, koje je postavljeno na međunarodnu kartu kao cijenjena baština. Ona nekolicina organskih poljoprivrednika na Starogradskom Polju pokazuje pravi put: može se! Korisnici kemijskih pesticida se trebaju opametiti i slijediti taj primjer. Vlasti odgovorne za hvarski okoliš i baštinu bi trebale poticati ekološku poljoprivredu na bilo koji mogući način. Tek tada će Hvarsko Starogradsko Polje i Mediteranska Prehrana opet zaista zasluživati svoje mjesto na UNESCO-voj listi.

© Vivian Grisogono MA(Oxon) 2016

Prijevod: Ivana Župan

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